Why Do So Many People with Type 2 Diabetes Who Take Insulin Have Lipohypertrophy? Fate or Educational Deficiencies?

Introduction: Cutaneous lipohypertrophy (LH) is a thickened, "rubbery" lesion in the subcutaneous tissue following multiple injections performed at the same site, i.e., an incorrect injection technique.

[A narrative review on arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis].

Vascular access is the lifeline for hemodialysis patients. Autologous artero-venous fistula (AVF) is still the most popular vascular access for hemodialysis even if declining during the last decades. Compared to central venous catheters and vascular grafts, AVF is characterized by a lower risk of infection and lower number of hospitalizations, and by a better quality of life, higher dialysis efficiency, and more prolonged life expectancy for patients.

Kidney and lung in pathology: mechanisms and clinical implications.

There is a close, physiological, relationship between kidney and lung that begin in the fetal age, and is aimed to keep homeostatic balance in the body. From a pathological point of view, the kidneys could be damaged by inflammatory mediators or by immune-mediated factors linked to a primary lung disease or, conversely, it could be the kidney disease that causes lung damage. Non-immunological mechanisms are frequently involved in renal and pulmonary diseases, as observed in chronic conditions.

Insulin-induced skin lipohypertrophies: A neglected cause of hypoglycemia in dialysed individuals with diabetes.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and 50% of dialysis patients are insulin-treated.

Aim: to search for unexplained hypoglycemia (HYPO).

Methods: identify a possible cause of HYPO due to altered insulin absorption.

Insulin-Induced Skin Lipohypertrophy in Type 2 Diabetes: a Multicenter Regional Survey in Southern Italy.

Introduction: Lipohypertrophies (LHs) due to incorrect insulin injection techniques have been described in the literature for decades. Their rate averages 38%, but this is still controversial because of the vast range reported by different publications, most of which fail to describe the selected detection protocol and therefore are not entirely reliable. We still need to identify the real LH rate, and only consistently using a standardized method in a large cohort of insulin-treated (IT) patients make this possible.