Prevalence of tic disorders among primary school students in the city of Pavia, Italy.

Background: The prevalence of tic disorders in children varies from 1% to 29% depending on the characteristics of the study population, the diagnostic criteria, and the study design and methods.

Aims: To calculate the prevalence of tic disorders among primary school children in Italy.

Methods: The study population comprised 2347 primary school children from the city of Pavia (pop.

Visual evoked potential abnormalities in dyslexic children.

Developmental reading disability (dyslexia) has traditionally been attributed to impaired linguistic skills. Recent psychophysical data suggest that dyslexia may be related to a visual perceptual deficit. A few visual evoked potential (VEP) studies have addressed this hypothesis, but their results are far from consistent.

Personality traits in childhood and adolescent headache.

We evaluate personality traits, anxiety and depression in a population of paediatric and adolescent patients, correlating personality characteristics with headache and sociodemographic variables. The clinical features of headache include specific personality traits. We report a clinical study of 57 patients (age 8-18 years), divided up as follows: 12 migraine with aura, 29 migraine without aura and 16 tension-type headache.

Clinical characteristics of adolescent headache.

We evaluate clinical characteristics of headache in a group of subjects > 12 years to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the IHS criteria. We consider whether age at onset may influence the clinical features. We used a semi-structured questionnaire to examine 136 patients consecutively referred to our division.