Eye movements reveal that low confidence precedes deliberation.

Contemporary dual-process models of reasoning maintain that there are two types of thinking -intuitive and deliberative -and that low confidence often leads to deliberation. Previous studies examining the confidence -deliberation relationship have been limited by (1) issues of endogeneity and between-subject comparisons, which we address in this study through debias training and (2) measures of confidence that are taken relatively late in the reasoning process, which we address by measuring confidence via real-time eye-tracking. Self-reported and eye-tracked confidence were both negatively related to deliberative thinking.

Eye tracking and the cognitive reflection test: Evidence for intuitive correct responding and uncertain heuristic responding.

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) has been used in thousands of studies across several fields of behavioural research. The CRT has fascinated scholars because it commonly elicits incorrect answers despite most respondents possessing the necessary knowledge to reach the correct answer. Traditional interpretations of CRT performance asserted that correct responding was the result of corrective reasoning involving the inhibition and correction of the incorrect response and incorrect responding was an indication of miserly thinking without feelings of uncertainty.

Teleology and the intentions of supernatural agents.

Teleological beliefs about the natural world often exist implicitly, and there is a positive relationship between teleological endorsement and belief in supernatural agents. In the current study, participants judged a series of scientifically unwarranted teleological explanations of biological organisms and natural non-living objects, under speeded or un-speeded instructions. After controlling for belief in the existence of supernatural agents, rates of implicit (speeded) and explicit (un-speeded) teleological endorsement were moderated by the belief that supernatural agents intentionally interact with the world.

Implications of resolving the diagnosis of PKU for parents and children.

Objective: To examine resolution of the diagnosis among parents of children with phenylketonuria (PKU) as a mechanism of adjustment for parents and children.

Methods: Reaction to diagnosis interviews were conducted with 52 mothers and 47 fathers of 55 children with PKU aged 2-12 years. The parents also completed questionnaires assessing their personal adjustment (stress symptoms), their child's adjustment (behavior problems), and coping variables (personal hopefulness and coping strategies).

Exposure to trauma: the long-term effects of suppressing emotional reactions.

A cross-sectional study of 437 ambulance officers in a large state of Australia examined the long-term effects of suppressing emotion reactions to exposure to trauma. Results indicate that the use of emotion-suppressing defenses (e.g.