New approaches to ranking countries for the allocation of development assistance for health: choices, indicators and implications.

The distributions of income and health within and across countries are changing. This challenges the way donors allocate development assistance for health (DAH) and particularly the role of gross national income per capita (GNIpc) in classifying countries to determine whether countries are eligible to receive assistance and how much they receive. Informed by a literature review and stakeholder consultations and interviews, we developed a stepwise approach to the design and assessment of country classification frameworks for the allocation of DAH, with emphasis on critical value choices.

Allocating external financing for health: a discrete choice experiment of stakeholder preferences.

Most donors of external financing for health use allocation policies to determine which countries are eligible to receive financial support and how much support each should receive. Currently, most of these policies place a great deal of weight on income per capita as a determinant of aid allocation but there is increasing interest in putting more weight on other country characteristics in the design of such policies. It is unclear, however, how much weight should be placed on other country characteristics.

Donor funding health policy and systems research in low- and middle-income countries: how much, from where and to whom.

Background: The need for sufficient and reliable funding to support health policy and systems research (HPSR) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been widely recognised. Currently, most resources to support such activities come from traditional development assistance for health (DAH) donors; however, few studies have examined the levels, trends, sources and national recipients of such support - a gap this research seeks to address.

Method: Using OECD's Creditor Reporting System database, we classified donor funding commitments using a keyword analysis of the project-level descriptions of donor supported projects to estimate total funding available for HPSR-related activities annually from bilateral and multilateral donors, as well as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, to LMICs over the period 2000-2014.

Interlobular excretory ducts of mammalian salivary glands: structural and histochemical review.

In the major salivary glands of mammals, excretory ducts (EDs) succeed striated ducts. They are for the most part interlobular in position, although their proximal portions sometimes are on the periphery of a lobule, where they occasionally retain some of the structural features of striated ducts. Based on a survey of a broad range of mammalian species and glands, the predominant tissue type that composes EDs is pseudostratified epithelium.

Salivary gland sexual dimorphism: a brief review.

The term "sexual dimorphism" refers to any differences in form, whether those differences be morphological, chemical, or physiological in nature. Sexual dimorphism may be manifested as differences in size, morphological appearance, metabolic activities, responses to hormones, drug sensitivity, rates of maturation, etc. The first report, in 1940, of a sexual dimorphism of salivary glands was that of morphological differences between the submandibular glands (SMG) of male and female mice.