Phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens influences REM sleep timing.

Based on the activity of dopamine (DA) neurons during behavioral states, the DA system has long been thought to be foundational in regulating sleep-wake behavior; over the past decade advances in circuit manipulation and recording techniques have strengthened this perspective. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that DA release in regions of the limbic system is important in the promotion of REM sleep. Yet how DA dynamics change within bouts of sleep, how these changes are regulated, and whether they influence future state changes remains unclear.

A Study of Glabellar Contraction Patterns in African Descendants.

Background: Botulinum toxin is a well-established treatment for dynamic glabellar lines. Glabellar contraction patterns were described previously in the general Brazilian population and also among Koreans, Chinese, and Indian individuals. So far, no study has addressed glabellar contraction "patterns" in Black subjects.

Melanin concentrating hormone projections to the nucleus accumbens enhance the reward value of food consumption and do not induce feeding or REM sleep.

Regulation of food intake and energy balance is critical to survival. Hunger develops as a response to energy deficit and drives food-seeking and consumption. However, motivations to eat are varied in nature, and promoted by factors other than energy deficit.

Recent advances in examining the factors influencing the efficacy of biocides against Listeria monocytogenes biofilms in the food industry: A systematic review.

Controlling Listeria monocytogenes and its associated biofilms in the food industry requires various disinfection techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Biocides, owing to their ease of use, cost-effectiveness, dissolvability in water, and efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms, are frequently selected options. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised about their efficacy in controlling L.