Production of ethanol directly from potato starch by mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger using electrochemical bioreactor.

When cultivated aerobically, Aspergillus niger hyphae produced extracellular glucoamylase, which catalyzes the saccharification of unliquified potato starch into glucose, but not when grown under anaerobic conditions. The Km and Vmax of the extracellular glucoamylase were 652.3 mg starch l-1 and 253.

Oxidation of butane to butanol coupled to electrochemical redox reaction of NAD+/NADH.

A crude cell extract from a butane-utilizing bacterium, Alcaligenes sp., catalyzed the oxidation of butane to butanol coupled to NADH. A graphite electrode modified with Neutral Red (NR-electrode) catalyzed the reduction of NAD(+) to NADH.