A Comparative Analysis of Interpupillary Distance Measurement Techniques Evaluation in Modern Times: From Rulers to Apps.

Purpose: The use of mobile phone applications (apps) in the health sector, including in eye care, is increasing. This study aimed to compare interpupillary distance (IPD) measurements using common clinical techniques (pupillometer, PD ruler, and autorefractor), which are contact procedures, with measurements from a non-contact mobile phone application.

Methods: Forty participants were recruited (mean age 25.

Can Tinted Lenses Be Used to Manipulate Pupil Size and Visual Performance When Wearing Multifocal Contact Lenses?

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of wearing neutral density (ND) filters with different transmittance levels over multifocal contact lenses (MTF CLs) on pupil size, visual functions and the dynamic accommodative response under daylight conditions in early presbyopes.

Methods: Seventeen individuals aged between 40 and 48 years (mean age 42.35±2.

Comparing spectacle and toric contact lens prescribing trends for astigmatism.

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare spectacle and contact lens (CL) prescription trends, with an emphasis on astigmatic refractive error prescribing differences for patients who purchase spectacles or CLs in South Korea.

Methods: A retrospective study of patient records of a major optical chain in South Korea was conducted. De-identified data of age, gender, power of prescribed spectacles and/or CLs were extracted from the practice database.

Fractal Dimension Analysis of Transient Visual Evoked Potentials: Optimisation and Applications.

Purpose: The visual evoked potential (VEP) provides a time series signal response to an external visual stimulus at the location of the visual cortex. The major VEP signal components, peak latency and amplitude, may be affected by disease processes. Additionally, the VEP contains fine detailed and non-periodic structure, of presently unclear relevance to normal function, which may be quantified using the fractal dimension.

Views and practices of Australian optometrists regarding driving for patients with central visual impairment.

Background: Eye-care practitioners are often required to make recommendations regarding their patients' visual fitness for driving, including patients with visual impairment. This study aimed to understand the perspectives and management strategies adopted by optometrists regarding driving for their patients with central visual impairment.

Method: Optometrists were invited to participate in an online survey (from April to June 2012).

Perceptions of Older People Regarding Their Vision and Incident Causation.

Purpose: It is widely known that visual impairment (VI) is a risk factor for falls, but patients or their eye care practitioners may not recognize other kinds of incidents as being problematic because of their vision. Consequently, older people with VI may have unmet needs for advice on how to carry out activities of daily living safely. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand whether older people with VI consider their vision as a causative factor of incidents they experience and their perceptions regarding the prevention of future incidents.

What is the appropriate age cut-off for cycloplegia in refraction?

Purpose: To investigate the age range for which cycloplegia provides additional information compared with non-cycloplegic refraction in teenagers and young adults.

Methods: Data for 1295 subjects (704 female; 591 male) from the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania (TEST) and the Brisbane Adolescent Twin Study (mean age: 19.65 ± 3.

Differential effects of refractive blur on day and nighttime driving performance.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of different levels of refractive blur on real-world driving performance measured under day and nighttime conditions.

Methods: Participants included 12 visually normal, young adults (mean age = 25.8 ± 5.

Assessment of the performance of automated focimeters in the measurement of single vision spectacle lenses.

Background: The accuracy and precision of any instrument should not be taken for granted. While there is an international standard for checking focimeters, there is no report of any study on their performance.

Method: A sample set of 51 focimeters (11 brands), were used to measure the spherical power of a set of lenses and the prismatic power of two lenses complying with ISO 9342-1:2005 and other calibrated prismatic lenses and the spherical power of some grey filters.

Even moderate visual impairments degrade drivers' ability to see pedestrians at night.

Purpose: To determine the effect of moderate levels of refractive blur and simulated cataracts on nighttime pedestrian conspicuity in the presence and absence of headlamp glare.

Methods: The ability to recognize pedestrians at night was measured in 28 young adults (M = 27.6 years) under three visual conditions: normal vision, refractive blur, and simulated cataracts; mean acuity was 20/40 or better in all conditions.

Using reflective clothing to enhance the conspicuity of bicyclists at night.

Bicycling at night is more dangerous than in the daytime and poor conspicuity is likely to be a contributing factor. The use of reflective markings on a pedestrian's major joints to facilitate the perception of biological motion has been shown to greatly enhance pedestrian conspicuity at night, but few corresponding data exist for bicyclists. Twelve younger and twelve older participants drove around a closed-road circuit at night and indicated when they first recognized a bicyclist who wore black clothing either alone, or together with a reflective bicycling vest, or a vest plus ankle and knee reflectors.

The Norfolk Island Eye Study (NIES): rationale, methodology and distribution of ocular biometry (biometry of the bounty).

Aim: To describe the recruitment, ophthalmic examination methods and distribution of ocular biometry of participants in the Norfolk Island Eye Study, who were individuals descended from the English Bounty mutineers and their Polynesian wives.

Methods: All 1,275 permanent residents of Norfolk Island aged over 15 years were invited to participate, including 602 individuals involved in a 2001 cardiovascular disease study. Participants completed a detailed questionnaire and underwent a comprehensive eye assessment including stereo disc and retinal photography, ocular coherence topography and conjunctival autofluorescence assessment.

Effect of simulated visual impairment on nighttime driving performance.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of simulated visual impairment on nighttime driving performance and pedestrian recognition under real-road conditions.

Methods: Closed road nighttime driving performance was measured for 20 young visually normal participants (M = 27.5 +/- 6.

The effect of presbyopic vision corrections on nighttime driving performance.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of various presbyopic vision corrections on nighttime driving performance on a closed-road driving circuit.

Methods: Participants were 11 presbyopes (mean age, 57.3+/-5.

Influence of presbyopic corrections on driving-related eye and head movements.

Purpose: To investigate whether wearing different presbyopic vision corrections alters the pattern of eye and head movements when viewing and responding to driving-related traffic scenes.

Methods: Participants included 20 presbyopes (mean age: 56.1 +/- 5.

Effect of presbyopic vision corrections on perceptions of driving difficulty.

Objectives: As the population ages, more people will be wearing presbyopic vision corrections when driving. However, little is known about the impact of these vision corrections on driving performance. This study aimed to determine the subjective driving difficulties experienced when wearing a range of common presbyopic contact lens and spectacle corrections.

Seeing pedestrians at night: visual clutter does not mask biological motion.

Although placing reflective markers on pedestrians' major joints can make pedestrians more conspicuous to drivers at night, it has been suggested that this "biological motion" effect may be reduced when visual clutter is present. We tested whether extraneous points of light affected the ability of 12 younger and 12 older drivers to see pedestrians as they drove on a closed road at night. Pedestrians wore black clothing alone or with retroreflective markings in four different configurations.

Weill-Marchesani syndrome and secondary glaucoma associated with ectopia lentis.

Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) is a rare systemic connective tissue disorder with the systemic features of short stature, short and stubby hands and feet and stiff joints, especially in the hands. Occasionally, it is associated with heart defects and mental retardation. The main ocular features of WMS are microspherophakia (small and spherical crystalline lens), ectopia lentis (a displaced or malpositioned lens), severe myopia and glaucoma.