Early combination therapy with SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA or dual GIP/GLP-1 RA in type 2 diabetes.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-Like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are recommended in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) for glycaemic control and for people with high cardiovascular risk. However, current guidelines do not specifically address the role of initial early combination therapy with SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA or dual gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 RA, but rather sequential initiation with either in T2D. This review synthesizes the available evidence on the use of SGLT2i and GLP-1-based therapies for T2D and provides a rationale for their combination.

International Diabetes Federation Position Statement on the 1-hour post-load plasma glucose for the diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes.

Many individuals with intermediate hyperglycaemia (IH), including impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), as presently defined, will progress to type 2 diabetes (T2D). There is confirmatory evidence that T2D can be prevented by lifestyle modification and/or medications, in people with IGT diagnosed by 2-h plasma glucose (PG) during a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Over the last 40 years, a wealth of epidemiological data has confirmed the superior value of 1-h plasma glucose (PG) over fasting PG (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA) and 2-h PG in populations of different ethnicity, sex and age in predicting diabetes and associated complications including death.

Advances in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: Current status and future directions.

Aims: The aim of this review is to give an update of the recent advances in the pathophysiology, prognosis, diagnosis and treatments of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD).

Methods: The literature survey focuses on original and review articles dealing with CFRD between 2006 and 2023, and in particular with: pathophysiology, risk and predictive factors, screening, chronic complications of CFRD, management and the effects of CFTR channel modulator therapies on glucose homeostasis, using PubMed®.

Results: The rising prevalence of CFRD is due to prolonged life survival among patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Glycemic and Insulin Status in Periodontitis Patients using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA): A Pilot Study.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare insulin status and dysglycemia (prediabetes/diabetes) of patients with chronic (stage III, grade B) or aggressive periodontitis (stage III, grade C) to that of a healthy population.

Materials And Methods: Patients with chronic (CP, n = 16) or aggressive periodontitis (AP, n = 15) and periodontally healthy controls (n = 32) were recruited. Body mass index was calculated.

1-h post-load plasma glucose for detecting early stages of prediabetes.

Prediabetes is a very prevalent condition associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and/or other chronic complications, in particular cardiovascular disorders. Early detection is therefore mandatory since therapeutic interventions may limit the development of these complications. Diagnosis of prediabetes is currently based on glycemic criteria (fasting plasma glucose (PG), and/or glycemia at 120 min during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and/or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

Management of dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in prediabetes.

Prediabetes affects at least 1 in 3 adults in the U.S. and 1 in 5 in Europe.

Pitfalls of HbA1c in the Diagnosis of Diabetes.

Many health care providers screen high-risk individuals exclusively with an HbA1c despite its insensitivity for detecting dysglycemia. The 2 cases presented describe the inherent caveats of interpreting HbA1c without performing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The first case reflects the risk of overdiagnosing type 2 diabetes (T2D) in an older African American male in whom HbA1c levels, although variable, were primarily in the mid-prediabetes range (5.

Review of methods for detecting glycemic disorders.

Prediabetes (intermediate hyperglycemia) consists of two abnormalities, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) detected by a standardized 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Individuals with isolated IGT or combined IFG and IGT have increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diagnosing prediabetes early and accurately is critical in order to refer high-risk individuals for intensive lifestyle modification.

Impact of flash glucose monitoring on glycaemic control and quality of life in patients with type 1 diabetes: A 18-month follow-up in real life.

We conducted a prospective observational study to evaluate the medium-term impact of the flash glucose monitoring system (FGM) in a type 1 diabetic population. We included 248 patients, switched from conventional blood glucose monitoring (BGM) to FGM. We evaluated glycaemic control at 2-4 (T1) and 5-11 (T2) months after initiation and at the last available visit (T3, 18 ± 4 months).

Current status of insulin degludec in type 1 and type 2 diabetes based on randomized and observational trials.

Insulin degludec is a new ultra-long-action basal insulin. Using treat-to-target protocols, controlled trials have shown comparable HbA reductions with insulin degludec and comparators in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Most studies identify, however, better control of fasting plasma glucose with insulin degludec vs.

Long-term effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetic patients: A retrospective real-life study in 131 patients.

Aim: We evaluate retrospectively long-term effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetic patients treated between 2008 and 2016.

Methods: 131 patients treated by GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) were included. The objective was to evaluate the evolution of glycated hemoglobin (HbA) during a period up to 4 years.

Petition to replace current OGTT criteria for diagnosing prediabetes with the 1-hour post-load plasma glucose ≥ 155 mg/dl (8.6 mmol/L).

Many individuals with prediabetes, as presently defined, will progress to diabetes (T2D) despite the considerable benefit of lifestyle modification. Therefore, it is paramount to screen individuals at increased risk with a more sensitive method capable of identifying prediabetes at an even earlier time point in the lengthy trajectory to T2D. This petition reviews findings demonstrating that the 1-hour (1-h) postload plasma glucose (PG) ≥ 155 mg/dl (8.

Outcomes of glycemic control in type 1 diabetic patients switched from basal insulin glargine 100 U/ml to glargine 300 U/ml in real life.

Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate glycemic control in type 1 diabetic mellitus patients who were switched from glargine 100 U/ml (Gla-100) to glargine 300 U/ml (Gla-300) in real life practice.

Methods: Glycemia based on self-monitoring capillary blood glucose, hypoglycemic events and insulin doses were considered during a two-week period before and after transition from Gla-100 to Gla-300 (period 1). Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA) levels, basal insulin doses and weight were also determined at 12 and 24 weeks after switching (period 2).

Lessons learned from the 1-hour post-load glucose level during OGTT: Current screening recommendations for dysglycaemia should be revised.

This perspective covers a novel area of research describing the inadequacies of current approaches for diagnosing dysglycaemia and proposes that the 1-hour post-load glucose level during the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test may serve as a novel biomarker to detect dysglycaemia earlier than currently recommended screening criteria for glucose disorders. Considerable evidence suggests that a 1-hour post-load plasma glucose value ≥155 mg/dl (8.6 mmol/L) may identify individuals with reduced β-cell function prior to progressing to prediabetes and diabetes and is highly predictive of those likely to progress to diabetes more than the HbA or 2-hour post-load glucose values.

The 1-h post-load plasma glucose as a novel biomarker for diagnosing dysglycemia.

Identifying the earliest moment for intervention to avert progression to prediabetes and diabetes in high-risk individuals is a substantial challenge. As β-cell function is already compromised in prediabetes, attention should therefore be focused on identifying high-risk individuals earlier in the so-called pre-prediabetes stage. Biomarkers to monitor progression and identify the time point at which β-cell dysfunction occurs are therefore critically needed.

Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology.

Background: Diabetes and periodontitis are chronic non-communicable diseases independently associated with mortality and have a bidirectional relationship.

Aims: To update the evidence for their epidemiological and mechanistic associations and re-examine the impact of effective periodontal therapy upon metabolic control (glycated haemoglobin, HbA1C).

Epidemiology: There is strong evidence that people with periodontitis have elevated risk for dysglycaemia and insulin resistance.

Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology.

Background: Diabetes and periodontitis are chronic non-communicable diseases independently associated with mortality and have a bidirectional relationship.

Aims: To update the evidence for their epidemiological and mechanistic associations and re-examine the impact of effective periodontal therapy upon metabolic control (glycated haemoglobin, HbA1C).

Epidemiology: There is strong evidence that people with periodontitis have elevated risk for dysglycaemia and insulin resistance.

Reducing the prevalence of dysglycemia: is the time ripe to test the effectiveness of intervention in high-risk individuals with elevated 1 h post-load glucose levels?

Identifying the earliest time point on the prediabetic continuum is critical to avoid progressive deterioration in β-cell function. Progressively rising glucose levels even within the "normal range" occur considerably late in the evolution to diabetes thus presenting an important opportunity for earlier diagnosis, treatment, and possible reversal. An elevated 1 h postprandial glucose level, not detected by current diagnostic standards, may provide an opportunity for the early identification of those at risk.

An elevated 1-h post- load glucose level during the oral glucose tolerance test detects prediabetes.

Aim: The objective of the study was to compare the diagnosis of dysglycemic states by conventional oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) criteria (fasting and 2-h plasma glucose) with the 1-h post-load plasma glucose level.

Material And Methods: 34 individuals (mean age: 55±13years; BMI: 27.7±6.