Anatomy of the Superficial Fascia System of the Breast: A Comprehensive Theory of Breast Fascial Anatomy.

Background: It has been two centuries since Petrus Camper identified superficial fascia and over 175 years since Sir Astley Cooper wrote his book on the anatomy of the breast. In the 1990s, Ted Lockwood taught us the importance of the superficial fascia layers in body contouring procedures he pioneered. These descriptions, however, fail to explain the three-dimensional fascial system in the breast.

Photobody Localization of Phytochrome B Is Tightly Correlated with Prolonged and Light-Dependent Inhibition of Hypocotyl Elongation in the Dark.

Photobody localization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phytochrome B (phyB) fused to green fluorescent protein (PBG) correlates closely with the photoinhibition of hypocotyl elongation. However, the amino-terminal half of phyB fused to green fluorescent protein (NGB) is hypersensitive to light despite its inability to localize to photobodies. Therefore, the significance of photobodies in regulating hypocotyl growth remains debatable.

Engrailed2 modulates cerebellar granule neuron precursor proliferation, differentiation and insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling during postnatal development.

Background: The homeobox transcription factor Engrailed2 (En2) has been studied extensively in neurodevelopment, particularly in the midbrain/hindbrain region and cerebellum, where it exhibits dynamic patterns of expression and regulates cell patterning and morphogenesis. Because of its roles in regulating cerebellar development and evidence of cerebellar pathology in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we previously examined an ENGRAILED2 association and found evidence to support EN2 as a susceptibility gene, a finding replicated by several other investigators. However, its functions at the cell biological level remain undefined.

Light-regulated gene repositioning in Arabidopsis.

Plant genomes are extremely sensitive to, and can be developmentally reprogrammed by environmental light cues. Here using rolling-circle amplification of gene-specific circularizable oligonucleotides coupled with fluorescence in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that light triggers a rapid repositioning of the Arabidopsis light-inducible chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (CAB) locus from the nuclear interior to the nuclear periphery during its transcriptional activation. CAB repositioning is mediated by the red/far-red photoreceptors phytochromes (PHYs) and is inhibited by repressors of PHY signalling, including COP1, DET1 and PIFs.

Photoactivated phytochromes interact with HEMERA and promote its accumulation to establish photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Plant development is profoundly regulated by ambient light cues through the red/far-red photoreceptors, the phytochromes. Early phytochrome signaling events include the translocation of phytochromes from the cytoplasm to subnuclear domains called photobodies and the degradation of antagonistically acting phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs). We recently identified a key phytochrome signaling component, HEMERA (HMR), that is essential for both phytochrome B (phyB) localization to photobodies and PIF degradation.

p57(KIP2) regulates radial glia and intermediate precursor cell cycle dynamics and lower layer neurogenesis in developing cerebral cortex.

During cerebral cortex development, precise control of precursor cell cycle length and cell cycle exit is required for balanced precursor pool expansion and layer-specific neurogenesis. Here, we defined the roles of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p57(KIP2), an important regulator of G1 phase, using deletion mutant mice. Mutant mice displayed macroencephaly associated with cortical hyperplasia during late embryogenesis and postnatal development.

IL-2/neuroantigen fusion proteins as antigen-specific tolerogens in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE): correlation of T cell-mediated antigen presentation and tolerance induction.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the Ag-targeting activity of cytokine/neuroantigen (NAg) fusion proteins may be associated with mechanisms of tolerance induction. To assess this question, we expressed fusion proteins comprised of a N-terminal cytokine domain and a C-terminal NAg domain. The cytokine domain comprised either rat IL-2 or IL-4, and the NAg domain comprised the dominant encephalitogenic determinant of the guinea pig myelin basic protein.

Chronic ischemia induces regional axonal damage in experimental primate optic neuropathy.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of chronic optic nerve ischemia in a nonhuman primate model and to evaluate the regional variability of axonal loss.

Methods: Unilateral ischemic optic neuropathy was induced by administration of endothelin-1 to the retrobulbar space via osmotic pumps in 12 primates for 6 to 12 months. The transversely cut sections were stained and divided into 16 regions.

Factors affecting the use of multifocal electroretinography to monitor function in a primate model of glaucoma.

While elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) undoubtedly plays a crucial role in many glaucoma patients, vascular dysregulation and chronic regional ischemia are also thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of glaucoma. In an effort to critically evaluate hypotheses involving vascular abnormalities in glaucoma, Cioffi, Van Buskirk and co-workers have developed a model of optic neuropathy based on chronic regional ischemia. The multifocal electroretinogram (MERG) has previously been used to assess function in non-human primates with experimental glaucoma induced by high-IOP.

Frequency doubling perimetry and the detection of eye disease in the community.

Purpose: Frequency Doubling Technology (FDT) perimetry is a novel perimetric test that provides rapid screening (45 to 60 seconds) and full-threshold (4 to 5 minutes) testing for detection of vision loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the specificity and sensitivity of FDT perimetry for the detection of ocular disease.

Methods: A total of 130 participants (257 eyes of 42 men and 88 women) recruited from the community completed FDT perimetry, standard achromatic automated perimetry (SAP), anterior segment biomicroscopy, tonometry, and dilated ophthalmoscopy.

Work performance after dehydration: effects of physical conditioning and heat acclimatization. 1958.

Three groups of five men each were dehydrated overnight in the heat (115 degrees F) on two occasions (D1 and D2) to approximately 5.5% of their starting body weight. During the 3-week period between D1 and D2, one group (AC) was acclimatized to heat and physically conditioned, the second group (C) was physically conditioned and the third group (S) remained sedentary.

Effect of brimonidine on optic nerve blood flow in rabbits.

Purpose: Brimonidine is a highly selective alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist that lowers intraocular pressure. The aim of the present study was to analyze in vivo the vasomotor effects and the influence of brimonidine on blood flow within the optic nerve, by means of intraluminal microvascular corrosion casting technique and intravascular injection of colored microspheres.

Methods: New Zealand white rabbits received either brimonidine tartrate 0.

The influence of ocular pulsatility on scanning laser Doppler flowmetry.

Purpose: To determine the effect of the cardiac cycle on scanning laser Doppler flowmeter measurements of retinal capillary blood flow in rhesus monkeys and humans.

Methods: Multiple scanning laser Doppler flowmetry images of rhesus monkey and human retinal capillary blood flow over a range of heart rates were obtained. Average flow values were determined for the 64 scan lines that compose the two-dimensional flow map.

Frequency doubling technology perimetry using a 24--2 stimulus presentation pattern.

Purpose: To assess whether smaller targets and a 24-2 stimulus presentation pattern would improve the ability of frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry to detect and characterize early glaucomatous visual field loss.

Methods: One hundred normal subjects between the ages of 20 and 85 participated in this study. In addition, 53 patients who either had early glaucomatous visual field loss (n = 23) or were high-risk glaucoma suspects with normal conventional visual fields (n = 30) were evaluated with the commercial version of FDT perimetry (full threshold test) with 17 stimuli (four 10 degrees diameter square targets per quadrant and a central 5 degrees circular target) and a custom version of FDT perimetry using 54 stimuli (4 degrees targets with 6 degrees grid spacing) arranged in a 24-2 stimulus presentation pattern.