Decoding clinical trial jargon: helping people understand how safety and quality of life are assessed in cancer trials.

[Figure: see text].

Environmental impacts of selected metal cations for phosphorus capture in natural waters: A synthesis.

Cultural eutrophication from excessive human-related nutrient (phosphorus, P, and nitrogen, N) inputs is a major concern for water quality. Because P historically was regarded as the critical nutrient in controlling noxious algal/plant growth, P became the focus of "capturing" techniques, with emphasis on removal performance rather than environmental impacts. Here, we synthesize a literature review of known environmental effects linked to use of metal-cation-based P-capturing materials under eutrophic conditions in freshwaters.

Measurement of the Intramolecular Hydrogen-Shift Rate Coefficient for the CHSCHOO Radical between 314 and 433 K.

The intramolecular hydrogen-shift rate coefficient of the CHSCHO (methylthiomethylperoxy, MSP) radical, a product formed in the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), was measured using a pulsed laser photolysis flow tube reactor coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer that measured the formation of the DMS degradation end product HOOCHSCHO (hydroperoxymethyl thioformate). Measurements performed over the temperature range of 314-433 K yielded a hydrogen-shift rate coefficient of () = (2.39 ± 0.

Reaction of Cl Atom with -CF and -CHF: Relative and Absolute Measurements of Rate Coefficients and Identification of Degradation Products.

Partially and fully fluorinated olefins are a class of compounds with relatively short atmospheric lifetimes and low 100-year global warming potentials, compared to their saturated predecessors, which are used or considered as refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and other end-uses. The cyclic unsaturated compounds -CF and -CHF are currently under consideration as etching agents for the semiconductor industry. In this study, we expand on our previous work on the reaction of the OH radical with -CF and -CHF and report the rate coefficients, , for the gas-phase reaction of the Cl atom with -CF and -CHF over a range of temperature (245-367 K) and pressure (100-200 Torr of He or N and 0 to 4.

OH Radical and Chlorine Atom Kinetics of Substituted Aromatic Compounds: 4-chlorobenzotrifluoride (-ClCHCF).

The mechanisms for the OH radical and Cl atom gas-phase reaction kinetics of substituted aromatic compounds remain a topic of atmospheric and combustion chemistry research. 4-Chlorobenzotrifluoride (-chlorobenzotrifluoride, -ClCHCF, PCBTF) is a commonly used substituted aromatic volatile organic compound (VOC) in solvent-based coatings. As such, PCBTF is classified as a volatile chemical product (VCP) whose release into the atmosphere potentially impacts air quality.

Classic indicators and diel dissolved oxygen versus trend analysis in assessing eutrophication of potable-water reservoirs.

Potable source-water reservoirs are the main water supplies in many urbanizing regions, yet their long-term responses to cultural eutrophication are poorly documented in comparison with natural lakes, creating major management uncertainties. Here, long-term discrete data (June 2006-June 2018) for classical eutrophication water quality indicators, continuous depth-profile data for dissolved oxygen (DO), and an enhanced hybrid statistical trend analysis model were used to evaluate the eutrophication status of a potable source-water reservoir. Based on classical indicators (nitrogen, N and phosphorus, P concentrations and ratios; phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll a, chl a; and trophic state indices), the reservoir was eutrophic to hypereutrophic and stoichiometrically imbalanced.

Diversity of bioactive compound content across 71 genera of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial cyanobacteria.

Cyanobacterial blooms have increased in frequency, distribution, and intensity due to climate change and anthropogenic nutrient input. The release of bioactive compounds accumulated in these blooms can affect the health of humans and the environment. The co-occurrence of bioactive metabolites is well-documented in bloom samples from marine and freshwater ecosystems, with fewer reports from unialgal isolates.

Workplace violence in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: Emergency departments (EDs) currently face a widely acknowledged issue of workplace violence (WPV) against healthcare workers (HCWs). WPV in the ED occurs in different forms and from different types of instigators; its prevalence also varies in different regions of the world. This study investigates the incidence of WPV among ED staff and identifies the types of instigators involved.

Kinetic fall-off behavior for the Cl + Furan-2,5-dione (CHO, maleic anhydride) reaction.

Rate coefficients, k, for the gas-phase Cl + Furan-2,5-dione (C4H2O3, maleic anhydride) reaction were measured over the 15-500 torr (He and N2 bath gas) pressure range at temperatures between 283 and 323 K. Kinetic measurements were performed using pulsed laser photolysis (PLP) to produce Cl atoms and atomic resonance fluorescence (RF) to monitor the Cl atom temporal profile. Complementary relative rate (RR) measurements were performed at 296 K and 620 torr pressure (syn.

Atmospheric Chemistry of -CHF and -CF: Temperature-Dependent OH Reaction Rate Coefficients, Degradation Products, Infrared Spectra, and Global Warming Potentials.

-CHF (1-heptafluorocyclopentene) and -CF (perfluorocyclopentene) are potent greenhouse gases presently used as replacement compounds in Si etching. A thorough understanding of their potential impact on climate and air quality necessitates studies of their atmospheric reactivity, radiative properties, and atmospheric degradation pathways. The predominant atmospheric removal process for these compounds is expected to be via reaction with the OH radical.

FC(O)C(O)F, FC(O)CFC(O)F, and FC(O)CFCFC(O)F: Ultraviolet and Infrared Absorption Spectra and 248 nm Photolysis Products.

Perfluorodicarbonyl (PFDC) compounds may be emitted directly into the atmosphere or formed in the atmospheric degradation of trace fluorinated gases, such as unsaturated perfluoro cyclic compounds. A potential atmospheric removal process for PFDCs is UV photolysis, which is presently not well-characterized. In this work, UV and infrared absorption spectra of FC(O)C(O)F, FC(O)CFC(O)F, and FC(O)CFCFC(O)F (three of the simplest PFDCs) and their 248 nm photolysis products are reported.

Climate Metrics for C1-C4 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are potent greenhouse gases that are potential substitutes for ozone depleting substances. The Kigali amendment lists 17 HFCs that are currently in commercial use to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol. Future commercial applications may explore the use of other HFCs, most of which currently lack an evaluation of their climate metrics.

Global airborne sampling reveals a previously unobserved dimethyl sulfide oxidation mechanism in the marine atmosphere.

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the oceans, is the most abundant biological source of sulfur to the marine atmosphere. Atmospheric DMS is oxidized to condensable products that form secondary aerosols that affect Earth's radiative balance by scattering solar radiation and serving as cloud condensation nuclei. We report the atmospheric discovery of a previously unquantified DMS oxidation product, hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF, HOOCHSCHO), identified through global-scale airborne observations that demonstrate it to be a major reservoir of marine sulfur.

Rate Coefficients for the Gas-Phase Reaction of ( E)- and ( Z)-CFCF═CFCF with the OH Radical and Cl-Atom.

The rate coefficients, k, for the gas-phase reaction of the OH radical and Cl-atom with ( E)- and ( Z)-CFCF═CFCF were measured using a relative rate technique over a range of temperature (240-375 K) and bath gas pressure (50-630 Torr, He). The obtained rate coefficients were found to be independent of pressure under these conditions. The obtained rate coefficients for the reaction of Cl-atom with ( E)- and ( Z)-CFCF═CFCF at 296 K were k(296 K) = (7.

Odorella benthonica gen. & sp. nov. (Pleurocapsales, Cyanobacteria): an odor and prolific toxin producer isolated from a California aqueduct.

Pleurocapsales are one of the least understood groups of cyanobacteria in terms of molecular systematics and biochemistry. Considering the high number of cryptic taxa within the Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales, it is likely that such taxa also occur in the Pleurocapsales. The new genus described in our research is the first known pleurocapsalean cryptic taxon.

Patients' Perceptions of the Role of Physicians in Questioning and Educating in Firearms Safety: Post-FOPA Repeal Era.

Objectives: In this study, we determined patients' attitudes toward discussing firearms and issues of firearms safety with emergency department physicians. We assessed whether patients feel discriminated against should physicians discuss firearms safety, and whether they believed that physician counseling may change how patients store firearms.

Methods: From June to October 2017, we conducted a cross-sectional institutional review board-approved survey of 200 consenting adult patients (convenience sample) not requiring critical care presenting to the emergency department of Mount Sinai Medical Center in Miami Beach, Florida.

Chattonella subsalsa (Raphidophyceae) growth and hemolytic activity in response to agriculturally-derived estuarine contaminants.

The potential for toxic contaminants and nutrient pollution to alter natural cycles of estuarine phytoplankton blooms is well known, yet few studies have examined how these combined stressors affect harmful algal species. Here, a robust testing protocol was developed to enable an ecotoxicological assessment of responses to commonly co-occurring estuarine contaminants by harmful algal bloom species. The population growth and toxicity (as cell density and hemolytic activity, respectively) of a cultured strain of the toxigenic raphidiophycean, Chattonella subsalsa, were assessed in two experiments (duration 10 days and 28 days) across a gradient of atrazine concentrations and N:P ratios simulating nutrient-rich versus nutrient-depleted regimes.

Imbalanced nutrient regimes increase Prymnesium parvum resilience to herbicide exposure.

The toxigenic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum is a mixotrophic phytoplankter with an extensive historic record of forming nearly monospecific, high-biomass, ecosystem-disrupting blooms, and it has been responsible for major fish kills in brackish waters and aquaculture facilities in many regions of the world. Little is known about how this species responds to commonly occurring environmental contaminants, or how nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus) pollution may interact with environmentally relevant pesticide exposures to affect this harmful algal species. Here, standard algal toxicity bioassays from pesticide hazard assessments were used along with modified erythrocyte lysis assays to evaluate how atrazine exposures, imbalanced nutrient supplies, and salinity interact to influence the growth and toxicity in P.

Rate Coefficient Measurements and Theoretical Analysis of the OH + ( E)-CFCH═CHCF Reaction.

Rate coefficients, k, for the gas-phase reaction of the OH radical with ( E)-CFCH═CHCF (( E)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, HFO-1336mzz(E)) were measured over a range of temperatures (211-374 K) and bath gas pressures (20-300 Torr; He, N) using a pulsed laser photolysis-laser-induced fluorescence (PLP-LIF) technique. k( T) was independent of pressure over this range of conditions with k(296 K) = (1.31 ± 0.

Temperature Dependent Rate Coefficients for the Gas-Phase Reaction of the OH Radical with Linear (L, L) and Cyclic (D, D) Permethylsiloxanes.

Permethylsiloxanes are emitted into the atmosphere during production and use as personal care products, lubricants, and cleaning agents. The predominate atmospheric loss process for permethylsiloxanes is expected to be via gas-phase reaction with the OH radical. In this study, rate coefficients, k(T), for the OH radical gas-phase reaction with the two simplest linear and cyclic permethylsiloxanes were measured using a pulsed laser photolysis-laser induced fluorescence technique over the temperature range of 240-370 K and a relative rate method at 294 K: hexamethyldisiloxane ((CH)SiOSi(CH), L), k; octamethyltrisiloxane ([(CH)SiO]Si(CH), L), k; hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane ([-Si(CH)O-], D), k; and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane ([-Si(CH)O-], D), k.

Exenatide has a pronounced effect on energy intake but not energy expenditure in non-diabetic subjects with obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Aims: Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) mimetic which induces weight loss predominantly, it is presumed, via decreased food intake. However, circulating GLP-1 is also a determinant of energy expenditure. We sought to quantify the effect of exenatide on energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake.

Assessment of atrazine toxicity to the estuarine phytoplankter, Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyta), under varying nutrient conditions.

Anthropogenic inputs of chemical environmental contaminants are frequently associated with developing harmful algal blooms, but little is known about how estuarine phytoplankton assemblages respond to multiple, co-occurring chemical stressors in chronically disturbed habitats. The goals of this research were to establish a robust protocol for testing the effects of atrazine on estuarine phytoplankton, and then to use that protocol to compare the effects of atrazine exposure with and without nutrient enrichment on a cosmopolitan estuarine/marine alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyta). Atrazine sensitivity in nutrient-replete media (96-h growth inhibition [Formula: see text]) was 159.