Contralateral Facial Innervation in Healthy Subjects and in Patients with Peripheral Facial Palsy.

: We aimed to investigate the extent of the response of the orbicularis oris muscle to stimulation of the contralateral facial nerve both in patients with peripheral facial palsy (PFP) and in healthy subjects. : EMG was performed at 2-6 weeks after the onset of PFP in the patient group and at any time in the healthy control group. We performed nerve conduction testing, electroneurography, and surface and needle EMG.

What does epileptic nystagmus show us in cases presenting acute neurological symptoms?

Purpose: This study aims to determine the clinical significance of epileptic nystagmus in patients with acute neurological symptoms.

Method: The clinical findings of patients with documented epileptic nystagmus, their original video and EEG data, and cranial imaging and laboratory tests were analyzed retrospectively.

Results: 20 patients were included in the study and 21 epileptic nystagmus attacks were determined from patients' clinical and video-EEG recordings.

An Unusual Case Presenting with New Onset Epileptic Seizure and Unilateral Temporal Lobe Lesion Diagnosed as Influenza Type A Associated Encephalitis.

Influenza A viruses, known etiological agents of seasonal outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics, are RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family. They can manifest with a wide range of neurological complications. Influenza related encephalitis is rarely reported and poorly characterized in adults.

Neuropathic Pain Frequency in Neurology Outpatients: A Multicenter Study.

Introduction: Neuropathic pain is common, but the frequency of misdiagnosis and irrational treatment is high. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate of neuropathic pain in neurology outpatient clinics by using valid and reliable scales and review the treatments of patients.

Methods: The study was conducted for 3 months in eleven tertiary health care facilities.

Treatment of Intractable Midbrain Tremor with a Pedinculopontine Nucleus Radiofrequency Lesion.

In this report, we present the case of a 21-year-old female with midbrain tremor involving atypical features, treated using a pedinculopontine nucleus lesion. Different targets for the treatment of midbrain tremor using radiofrequency lesion have been reported. In this case, stimulation of the thalamic ventralis intermedius nucleus and subthalamic nucleus produced no satisfactory improvement in tremor frequency and amplitude.

Neuromyelitis optica presenting with horner syndrome: A case report and review of literature.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that predominantly affects the spinal cord and optic nerves. We describe a 19 years old woman with left Horner syndrome (HS), who was diagnosed as NMO with characteristic longitudinally extensive myelitis and positive serum aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibodies (AQP4-IgG). Our report describes one of the very rare ocular motor symptoms in NMO patients.

The effects of the cerebral, cerebellar and vestibular systems on the head stabilization reflex.

The head stabilization reflex (HSR) is a brain stem reflex which appears in the neck muscles in response to sudden head position changes and brings the head to its previous position. The reflex mechanism has not been understood. The afferent fibers come from cervical muscle spindles, vestibular structures, and the accessory nerve, the efferents from the accessory nerve.

Eagle syndrome: case report.

Eagle syndrome is an aggregate of symptoms caused by an elongated styloid process, most frequently resulting in headache, facial pain, dysphagia and sensation of foreign body in throat. The proper diagnosis is not difficult with clinical history, physical examination and radiographic assessment if there is a sufficient degree of suspicion. The treatment is very effective.

Differential effects of peripheral vibration on motor-evoked potentials in acute stages of stroke.

Objective:   The excitability of sensorimotor cortex and spinal motoneurones can be modulated by afferent signals arising from the periphery. Low- and high-frequency vibrations activate separate classes of afferent units in the periphery. Low-frequency vibrations (2-100 Hz) activate the type I fast adapting afferent units (FA-I), whereas high-frequency vibrations (60-1000 Hz) preferentially activate the type II units (FA-II).

Sensory nerve conduction in branches of common interdigital nerves: a new technique for normal controls and patients with morton's neuroma.

In this article, a new electrodiagnostic approach is described for patients with Morton's neuroma. The new method is based on the anatomic fact that the two branches of the common plantar interdigital nerves innervate the lateral side of one toe and the medial side the next one. This study included 20 normal subjects (aged 28-58 years, 10 men and 10 women) and 4 patients with Morton's neuroma (aged 44-52 years, 4 women).

Morphology and innervation of the human cremaster muscle in relation to its function.

The electromyographic properties of the cremaster muscle (CM) are quite different from other skeletal muscles. It shows excessive spontaneous discharges, and the motor unit shape and firing frequency of the CM muscle differ from that of limb muscles. In this study, CM of six adult cadavers and six orchiectomy specimens were used to reveal the detailed histology of the muscle and provide an anatomophysiological explanation for these unusual electromyographic properties.

Electrodiagnostic pattern approach for childhood polyneuropathies.

Electrophysiologic studies play a key role in the detection and characterization of the pattern in childhood polyneuropathies. In this study, the etiologic profile of 74 children with polyneuropathy was prospectively evaluated based on the electrophysiologic studies. Five electrodiagnostic patterns were identified in the cohort: (1) acute axonal polyneuropathy (n: 32, 43%); (2) chronic axonal polyneuropathy (n: 16, 22%); (3) demyelinating motor and sensory polyneuropathy (n: 13, 17%); (4) pure sensory polyneuropathy (n: 11, 15%); (5) high-low syndrome (n: 2, 3%).

[Memory of pain].

Duration and recalling of pain, occurring by stimulated unmyelinated C and A-delta fibers, can be described as memory of pain. The memory of pain is a process that executes in from dorsal horn sensory neurons to cingulate cortex in brain. This description includes hyperalgesia and synaptic plasticity.

Effects of lamotrigine on the symptoms and life qualities of patients with post polio syndrome: a randomized, controlled study.

The aim of this study is to find out if lamotrigine gives symptomatic relief and enhances quality of life in patients with post-polio syndrome. Thirty patients were randomly assigned to receive or not to receive lamotrigine treatment. Lamotrigine at a daily dose of 50-100 mg was given to the fifteen patients, and fifteen patients were used as the control group.

Electrophysiological evaluation of the genitofemoral nerve in patients with inguinal hernia.

Groin pain in the lower abdomen but including the ilioinguinal region is frequent after inguinal hernia operations, but the integrity of the nerves in this region, including the genitofemoral nerve (GFN), has not been investigated. We studied GFN motor conduction time to the cremasteric muscle (CM), the CM electromyogram (EMG), and the CM reflex in 30 patients with unilateral inguinal hernia who underwent herniorrhaphy and in 26 similar patients who had no surgical intervention. Among the 30 patients undergoing herniorrhaphy, 14 (47%) showed motor involvement of the GFN, whereas 6 of the 26 (23%) patients not treated surgically had involvement of the GFN.

Cutaneous silent periods of the vastus medialis evoked by the stimulation of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.

Objective: Cutaneous silent period (CSP), which is a spinal reflex mediated by A-delta cutaneous afferents, is transient suppression of the electromyographic activity. In this study, our aim is to investigate CSPs of vastus medialis muscle (vm-CSP) evoked by the stimulation of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) in healthy controls and in patients with meralgia paresthetica (MP).

Methods: Twenty-one patients with MP (17 unilateral, 4 bilateral) and 27 healthy controls were included.

Corticonuclear innervation to facial muscles in normal controls and in patients with central facial paresis.

Recently it has been proposed that corticobulbar innervation of the lower facial muscles is bilateral, that is from both right and left sides of the motor cortex. The objectives of this study were, i) to evaluate the corticonuclear descending fibers to the perioral muscles and, ii) to determine how central facial palsy (CFP) occurs and often recovers rapidly following a stroke. Eighteen healthy volunteers and 28 patients with a previous history of a stroke and CFP (mean ages: 51 and 61 years) were investigated by TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) with a figure of eight coil.

Differential corticomotor control of a muscle adjacent to a painful joint.

Objective: To assess the effects of chronic knee pain on neural control of the nearby quadriceps muscle.

Methods: Motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex, maximal M responses, patellar tendon responses, and EMG activity during maximal isometric contraction were recorded from the right vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles in 13 patients with chronic patellofemoral pain syndrome (PPS) and 13 healthy volunteers. MEP and maximal M responses were also recorded from the right extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) muscle.