Phylogenetic analysis of Bacillus anthracis strains from Western Siberia reveals a new genetic cluster in the global population of the species.

Background: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The most anthrax-endemic regions of Russia are Siberia and North Caucasus. Previously, genotyping of Russian B.

Genotyping and phylogenetic location of one clinical isolate of Bacillus anthracis isolated from a human in Russia.

Background: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis. In Russia, there are more than 35 thousand anthrax stationary unfavourable sites. At the same time, there is very little published information about the isolates of B.

[EPIZOOTOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ZONING OF THE TERRITORY OF NORTH CAUCASUS FEDERAL REGION BYA DEGREE OF NON-WELFARE BYANTHRAX USING ARC GIS10 PROGRAM].

Aim: Conducting epizootological and epidemiological zoning of the territory ofNorth Caucasus -Federal Region (NCFR) by the degree of non-welfare by anthrax using Arc GIS10 program.

Materials And Methods: 2 parameters were used during zoning ofthe territories of subjects of NCFR (Stavropol Region, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Chechen, North Ossetia-Alania, Ingushetia, Dagestan Republics) by non-welfare by anthrax: integrated parameter of infection risk and epizootics risk. The parameters were input into the Arc GIS 10 program.

[The comparative evaluation of effectiveness of laboratory techniques of diagnostic of anthrax and detection its agent in objects of environment].

The analysis of samples received during ictus of anthrax in the Stavropolskii kraii in 2013 permitted to study comparative effectiveness of regulated methods of laboratory diagnostic. The effectiveness of bacteriological, biological and molecular methods and necessity of their complex application for receiving optimal results are confirmed. The rapidity, effectiveness and specificity of polymerase chain reaction is emphasized.

[Use of GIS technologies in development of a cadaster of stationary unfavorable by anthrax points in Krasnodar region].

Aim: Development of a cadaster of stationary unfavorable by anthrax points in Krasnodar region by using GIS technologies.

Materials And Methods: Ageographical information system (GIS) of ESRI program--Arc GIS 10.1 was used for the composition of an electronic cadaster of stationary unfavorable by anthrax points.

[Analysis of outbreak of anthrax in Omsk region in 2010].

Aim: Carrying out analysis of epizootologic-epidemiologic situation on anthrax that had emerged in Omsk region in 2010 when horse meat from epizootic focus of anthrax was used in production of meat semi-finished products.

Materials And Methods: Study of samples for detection of anthrax causative agents and strain identification was performed according to guidelines 1.3.

[Genotype diversity of the Bacillus anthracis strains isolated from the Caucasus region].

The study of the genotypes of Bacillus anthracis strains isolated from the Caucasus region was performed using MLVA. Among 149 strains, 32 distinctive MLVA-8 genotypes belonging to Ala, A3a, A4 and B1 molecular diversity groups were identified. 9 genotypes were not described previously; 6 genotypes were not found in other geographic regions and could be considered as endemic for Caucasus.

[Methodic approaches to testing Bacillus anthracis susceptibility to antibacterials].

Susceptibility of 50 isolates of Bacillus anthracis to 24 antibiotics was tested by the disk-diffusion method and the method of serial dilutions in solid media. The tests allowed to determine the boundary values of the growth inhibition zones and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the antibiotics for susceptible and resistant strains of B. anthracis.

[Phenotypic and genetic features of cultural-morphologic variants of Bacillus anthracis].

Comparative analysis of MVLA-genotypes of 6 Bacillus anthracis strains and 40 their variants differing on capsule- and toxin synthesis, hemolytic, proteolytic and lecitinase activity, nutritional requirements, susceptibility to anthrax bacteriophages, virulence, immunogenicity, and presence of genes for capsule and toxin synthesis was performed. Results of phylogenetic analysis of 5 chromosome locuses and plasmid locus pXO1aat which are variable for this sample of B. anthracis cultures showed that all strains divided on 2 main clusters - A and B.

[Properties of live antibiotics-resistant anthrax vaccine STI-PR after long-term storage].

Study showed that cultural, morphologic, genetic, immunologic characteristics, and resistance to antibiotics of STI-PR anthrax vaccine did not change after storage during 20 years in lyophilized condition. It has been shown that medium for lyophilization plays important role in preservation of vitality of anthrax spores. Optimal preservative properties have been observed for thioureal and sucrose-gelatinous media for lyophilization.

[Characterization of Bacillus anthracis typical virulent test strain 81/1].

The results of the prolonged and many-sided study of B. anthracis strain 81/1 by different authors are presented. The cultural and morphological, biochemical, antigenic, molecular-genetic characteristics of this strain give grounds for regarding it as a typical test strain to be used for the determination of the vaccines immunogenicity, the effectiveness of antibiotics and immunomodulators.

[Epidemiological situation on anthrax in the regions of the Southern Federal District in connection with the flood in June 2002].

Data on the epidemiological situation in anthrax in the regions of the Southern Federal District, situated in the zone of inundation, are presented. In 2002 no epidemic complications in anthrax were noted in the affected territories. The causes contributing to the appearance of anthrax cases among humans and animals are presented.

[The nonspecific resistance indices of different species of laboratory animals immunized with STI anthrax vaccine].

A complex comparative study of the characteristics of nonspecific resistance in different species of laboratory animals immunized with vaccine STI against anthrax has revealed the existence of marked interspecific differences between noninbred white mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and noninbred white rats in such characteristics as phagocytic activity, oxygen-dependent function of polymorphonuclear blood leukocytes, serum beta-lysin and lysozyme.

[Comparative multifactorial analysis of combined administration of injection and peroral forms of an antibiotic with a microbial immunomodulator in experimental anthrax].

Comparative efficacy of the use of injection and oral dosage forms of rifampicin in the subtherapeutic doses in combination with peptidoglycan , an immunomodulator of microbial origin, was studied in respect to experimental anthracic infection with application of multifactorial analysis. It was shown that the antibiotic and immunomodulator had a pronounced synergistic effect. Polynomial statistic models were developed and nomograms or equal level curves defining the survival rate and average life-span (ALS) of the experimental animals within a wide range of the antibiotic and immunomodulator doses and the peptidoglycan dosing time were plotted.

[Multifactorial experiment on the combined action of doxycycline and a low molecular weight immunomodulator of microbial origin in experimental anthrax infection].

Chemotherapeutic efficacy of combined therapy of experimental anthrax infection with subtherapeutic doses of doxycycline and a low molecular weight immunomodulator of microbial origin was studied with mathematical design of the experiment and multifactorial analysis. A marked synergistic effect of oral doxycycline and the immunomodulator was observed. The results of the multifactorial experiment were computer processed and polynomial statistic models (the second order equations) describing the survival rate and mean lifespan (MLS) were derived.

[The assessment of antitoxic anti-anthrax immunity].

In experiments on guinea pigs immunized with avirulent noncapsular strains STI, Sterne (34F2) and the avirulent mutant of Bacillus anthracis strain 228/8 the relationship between the titers of serum antibodies to the preparations of purified protective antigens (PA) and purified lethal factor (LF) of B. anthracis toxin and the level of the antitoxic activity (ATA) of blood sera, as well as acquired resistance, was analyzed. The ATA of sera was evaluated in the primary culture of peritoneal macrophages affected by the mixture of PA and LF.

[The effect of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis on the formation of immunity under the action of live anthrax vaccines].

The preparation of low-molecular protective antigen (PA) isolated from strain 34F2 (Sterne) and having a molecular weight of 34 and 51 kD, unlike the preparation of high-molecular PA with a molecular weight of 87 kD, suppressed the formation of acquired resistance to anthrax when introduced into guinea pigs in mixture with live spores of strains of STI, 34F2 and new vaccine strain 228/8; this phenomenon was mainly accompanied by a decrease in the level of antibodies to lethal factor (LF) nad in the antitoxic activity of blood serum. The immunosuppressing action of low-molecular PA depended on the kind of vaccine strain introduced together with this antigen, which suggested the existence of differences in the ligand determinants of strains 34F2 and STI. In contrast to high-molecular PA, low-molecular PA blocked the action of the lethal mixture of PA and LF on the culture of peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes of CBA mice.

[Methodological characteristics of the use of the immunofluorescence method for the rapid determination of the sensitivity of the anthrax microbe to antibiotics].

An immunofluorescent method for rapid assay of antibiotic sensitivity of Bacillus anthracis was tested with the use of virulent strains. It was shown that the immunofluorescent method was applicable for assay of antibiotic sensitivity of Bacillus anthracis immediately upon inoculation of the native matter: soil samples and other materials. Comparison of the results obtained with the method of serial dilutions and the immunofluorescent method showed that the levels of the Bacillus anthracis sensitivity to rifampicin, benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin and gentamicin coincided.

[Comparative evaluation of methods for determining the sensitivity of the anthrax microbe to antibiotics].

Comparison of the results of determination of antibiotic sensitivity of the cultures of the anthrax causative agent with the methods of serial dilutions and paper disks revealed coincidence of their antibiotic sensitivity levels. The Unimicon-s and AGV media can be used for determination of antibiotic sensitivity of the anthrax causative agent by the above methods.