Increased Expression Enhances SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Production in Vero-Derived Transgenic Cell Lines.

Coronaviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses that can cause diseases with high mortality rates. SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV appeared in 2002‒2003 and 2012, respectively. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in 2019 in Wuhan (China) and has caused more than 5 million deaths in worldwide.

[Increased LAMP1 Expression Enhances SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Production in Vero-Derived Transgenic Cell Lines].

Coronaviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses that can cause diseases with high mortality rates. SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV appeared in 2002-2003 and 2012, respectively. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in 2019 in Wuhan (China) and has caused more than 5 million deaths in worldwide.

Effect of the Route of Administration of the Vaccinia Virus Strain LIVP to Mice on Its Virulence and Immunogenicity.

The mass smallpox vaccination campaign has played a crucial role in smallpox eradication. Various strains of the vaccinia virus (VACV) were used as a live smallpox vaccine in different countries, their origin being unknown in most cases. The VACV strains differ in terms of pathogenicity exhibited upon inoculation of laboratory animals and reactogenicity exhibited upon vaccination of humans.

Phage display antibodies against ectromelia virus that neutralize variola virus: Selection and implementation for p35 neutralizing epitope mapping.

In this study, five phage display antibodies (pdAbs) against ectromelia virus (ECTV) were selected from vaccinia virus (VACV)-immune phage-display library of human single chain variable fragments (scFv). ELISA demonstrated that selected pdAbs could recognize ECTV, VACV, and cowpox virus (CPXV). Atomic force microscopy visualized binding of the pdAbs to VACV.

Cowpox in a human, Russia, 2015.

We investigated the first laboratory-confirmed human case of cowpox virus infection in Russia since 1991. Phylogenetic studies of haemagglutinin, TNF-α receptor-like protein and thymidine kinase regions showed significant differences with known orthopoxviruses, including unique amino-acid substitutions and deletions. The described cowpox virus strain, taking into account differences, is genetically closely related to strains isolated years ago in the same geographical region (European part of Russia and Finland), which suggests circulation of viral strains with common origin in wild rodents without spread over long distances and appearance in other parts of the world.

[THE USE OF THE MODEL MOUSE ICR--VARIOLA VIRUS FOR EVALUATION OF ANTIVIRAL DRUG EFFICACY].

Mice of the ICR outbred population were infected intranasally (i/n) with the variola virus (VARV, strain Ind-3a). Clinical signs of the disease did not appear even at the maximum possible dose of the virus 5.2 lg PFU/head (plaque-forming units per head).

[EVALUATION OF THE HUMAN SENSITIVITY TO SMALLPOX VIRUS BY THE PRIMARY CULTURES OF THE MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGES].

Studies of the primary cultures of granulocytes, mononuclear, and monocyte-macrophage cells derived from human blood were performed using variola virus (VARV) in the doses of 0.001-0.021 PFU/cell (plaques-forming units per cell).

New effective chemically synthesized anti-smallpox compound NIOCH-14.

Antiviral activity of the new chemically synthesized compound NIOCH-14 (a derivative of tricyclodicarboxylic acid) in comparison with ST-246 (the condensed derivative of pyrroledione) was observed in experiments in vitro and in vivo using orthopoxviruses including highly pathogenic ones. After oral administration of NIOCH-14 to outbred ICR mice infected intranasally with 100 % lethal dose of ectromelia virus, it was shown that 50 % effective doses of NIOCH-14 and ST-246 did not significantly differ. The 'therapeutic window' varied from 1 day before infection to 6 days post-infection (p.

Using ICR and SCID mice as animal models for smallpox to assess antiviral drug efficacy.

The possibility of using immunocompetent ICR mice and immunodeficient SCID mice as model animals for smallpox to assess antiviral drug efficacy was investigated. Clinical signs of the disease did not appear following intranasal (i.n.

Using the Ground Squirrel (Marmota bobak) as an Animal Model to Assess Monkeypox Drug Efficacy.

In experiments to study the sensitivity of ground squirrels (Marmota bobak) to monkeypox virus (MPXV) at intranasal challenge, expressed pox-like clinical symptoms (hyperthermia, lymphadenitis, skin rash all over the body and mucous membranes and others) were observed 7-9 days post-infection. The 50% infective dose (ID ) of MPXV for these marmots determined by the presence of clinical signs of the disease was 2.2 log PFU.

The Possibility of Using the ICR Mouse as an Animal Model to Assess Antimonkeypox Drug Efficacy.

As a result of the conducted experimental studies on intranasal challenge of ICR mice, rabbits and miniature pigs (even in the maximum variant) with the doses of 4.0-5.5 lg PFU of monkeypox virus (MPXV), some clinical signs such as purulent conjunctivitis, blepharitis and ruffled fur were found only in mice.

[Development of the disease in marmot at the intranasal infection with the monkeypox virus].

In experimental study the sensitivity of the Marmota bobak species to the monkeypox virus (MPXV) with the intranasal (i/n) infection was tested. It was demonstrated that 50% of the infective dose (ID50) of the MPXV on external clinical signs of the disease was 2.2 Ig plaque forming units (PFU).

[A comparative study of the antiviral activity of chemical compounds concerning the orthopoxviruses experiments in vivo].

In the experiments using intranasal (i/n) infection of mice with the ectromelia virus (EV) in a dose 10 LD50/head (10 x 50% lethal doselhead) or with the monkaypox virus (MPXV) in a dose 10 ID50/head (10 x 50% infective dose/ head) it was demonstrated that the antiviral efficiency of chemical compounds - the condensed derivatives of pyrrolidin-2,5-dion, as well as their predecessors and the nearest analogues, synthesized in Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NIOCH SB RAS) was observed. As a positive control we used the antipoxvirus chemical preparation ST-246 available from SIGA Technologies Inc. (USA), synthesized in NIOCH SB RAS by the technique suggested by the authors.

[Evaluation of immunogenicity and safety of 2 immunizations with allantoic intranasal live influenza vaccine Ultragrivac].

Aim: Evaluate reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity in phase 2 clinical trials of 2 immunization schedules with Ultragrivac--an allantoic intranasal life influenza vaccine based on A/17/ duck/Potsdam/86/92 [17/H5] reassortant strain.

Materials And Methods: 4 groups of volunteers participated in the study: group 1--40 individuals were vaccinated twice with a 10 day interval; group 2--40 individuals were vaccinated twice with a 21 day interval; group 3 (control)--10 individuals received placebo twice with a 10 day interval; group 4 (control)--10 individuals received placebo twice with a 21 day interval. Local (secretory IgA), cellular and humoral immune response were evaluated.

[Horizontal transmission routes of baculovirus infection in gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.)].

The paper considers horizontal transmission routes of baculovirus infection in the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.). The original method for modeling natural processes in controllable conditions allowed one to estimate the influence of factors on the occurrence of epizooties.

[Results of clinical trials on reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of influenza allantoic intranasal live vaccine "Ultragrivac" (type A/H5N2)].

Results of phase II of a clinical trial of the influenza allantoic intranasal live vaccine "Ultragrivac" (type A/H5N2) are presented. The vaccine was developed based on strain /17/Duck/Potsdam/86/92 H5N2 [17/H5] - reassortant of two viruses, /Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) and /Duck/Potsdam/1402-86 (H5N2), obtained from the Virology Department, St. Petersburg Institute of Experimental Medicine.

[Immunogenic properties of recombinant vaccinia virus containing the human IL-2 gene].

A genetic construct of the human interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene within vaccinia virus (L-IVP strain) has been designed. The authors show the capacity of CV-1 cells infected with the recombinant vaccinia virus VV-SIL2 to secrete human IL-2 into the culture medium. Human IL-2 has been detected by immunoblotting.

[The influence of glucocorticoid immunosuppression on the course of experimental influenza pneumonia].

The study demonstrates the effects of kenalog (Kn), a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, on the course of virus A/Aichi/2/68 influenza in white mice. In doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, Kn reduced the weight of the adrenal glands, thymus and spleen, which was accompanied by decrease of the resistance to the mentioned virus, judging by LD50 decrease vs. this index in the control infected group.

Intranasal immunization with inactivated tick-borne encephalitis virus and the antigenic peptide 89-119 protects mice against intraperitoneal challenge.

Detailed studies of the pathogenesis of certain neuroviral infections allow for a better understanding of the special role of the olfactory neuroepithelial cells in the invasion of viruses into the CNS. Several studies using animal models demonstrated that neurotropic viruses belonging to various families invade the brain via the olfactory tract after parenteral infection. We suppose that intranasal (i.

A prototype prophylactic anti-influenza preparation in aerosol form on the basis of Abies sibirica polyprenols.

This research investigates a promising antiviral compound based on polyprenols from Siberian silver fir (Abies sibirica). The physico-chemical characteristics of a preparation developed in aerosol form and an estimation of its protective efficacy against aerosol challenge of laboratory animals are presented. It is shown that (1) by using a simple ultrasonic disperser one can obtain aerosol of three formulations studied with about 70% of its mass accumulated in the size range below 1.

[An intensification of antiviral and interferon effects of ridostin (an interferon inducer) by cationic liposomes in vitro and in intranasal administration].

Combined application of ridostine with catonic liposomes was shown to essentially enhance the interferon-inducing and antiviral activity of the former in experiments with cell cultures L-929, which is apparently related with an improved efficiency of intracellular delivery of dsRNA. A comparative study demonstrated that ridostine, when combined with liposomes, is needed by 10(3)-10(4) times less as when it is used alone. A pretreatment of the cellular monolayer by cationic liposomes contributes also to enhancing the activity of ridostine, which can be explained by an enhanced permeability of cells for dsRNA holding on-for as long as 30 minutes after the removal of liposomes from the liquid culture.

[Experimental molecular design of recombinant vaccines].

A method was elaborated to construct combined artificial immunogens mimicking virus particles. The gist was exposing protein antigenic determinants of one virus on the particle surface and delivering plasmids with genes for antigenic proteins of another virus to specialized immune cells. Such immunogens were constructed and shown to induce biosynthesis of specific antibodies against HIV-1 and the tick-borne encephalitis virus.

A study of systems for delivering antigens and plasmid DNA for intranasal immunization against tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Our previous studies indicated the possibility for some neurotropic viruses to spread into the brain of immune animals through the olfactory pathway. Thus, nasal mucosa in the olfactory region is likely to be a promising target for mucosal immunization to protect the CNS from neurotropic viral infections. THE MAIN IDEA OF THE RESEARCH: Intranasal immunization inducing mucosal and systemic immune responses blocks the propagation of neurotropic virus into the brain via the olfactory pathway and neutralizes the multiplication of virus in visceral organs, allowing more effective protection against neurotropic infections transmitted by bloodsucking arthropods to be achieved.

[The simple method of direct estimation of infectious process in mice and rats aerogenically infected with influenza virus].

Multiplication of influenza virus in laboratory animals (mice and rats) after aerogenic inoculation was recorded directly (by the agent accumulation in the lungs and trachea) and indirectly (by interferon concentration in the lungs of mice). Thermal inactivation of influenza virus in chick embryo allantoic fluid was observed (by 4.5-6 Ig within 48 h at 37 degrees C).