The effect of taper and apical preparation size on fracture resistance of roots.

This study investigated the effect of taper and apical preparation size on the fracture resistance of roots. 84 mandibular incisor teeth were selected. Groups (n = 12): uninstrumented (control group), 25/0.

Effect of different laser-assisted irrigation activation techniques on apical debris extrusion.

The aim of this study was to compare apical debris extrusion when neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers, erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) or photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) are used for irrigation activation. A total of 60 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth have similar dimensions were included and the samples were split into four groups according to the irrigation technique ( = 15): conventional needle irrigation, PIPS, Er:YAG and Nd:YAG. ProTaper Universal system up to F4 was used for root canal instrumentation.