Radiologists' perceptions of knowledge and training required by radiographers in the interpretation of radiographic images: An explorative study in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.

Introduction: The health sector of South Africa is burdened by the shortage of radiologists leading to the under-reporting of radiographic images and ultimately mismanagement of patients. Previous studies have recommended training of radiographers in radiographic image interpretation in order to improve the reporting. There is paucity of information regarding the knowledge and training required by radiographers to interpret radiographic images.

2-Aryl(pyrrolidin-4-yl)acetic acids are potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors.

A series of 2-aryl(pyrrolidin-4-yl)acetic acids were synthesized and their biological activities were evaluated as agonists of S1P receptors. These analogs were able to induce lowering of lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood of mice and were found to have good overall pharmacokinetic properties in rat.

Potent 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists: effects of fused heterocycles on antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic properties.

A series of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists containing a variety of fused heterocycles at the 4-position of the piperidine side chain has been discovered, which are orally bioavailable with potent anti-HIV activity.

Design and synthesis of conformationally constrained 3-(N-alkylamino)propylphosphonic acids as potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors.

A series of conformationally constrained 3-(N-alkylamino)propylphosphonic acids were systematically synthesized and their activities as S1P receptor agonists were evaluated. Several pyrrolidine and cyclohexane analogs had S1P receptor profiles comparable to the acyclic lead compound, 3-(N-tetradecylamino)propylphosphonic acid (3), lowered circulating lymphocytes in mice after iv administration and were thus identified as being suitable for further investigations.

CCR5 antagonists: 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propionic acid analogues with potent anti-HIV activity.

[reaction: see text] A novel approach to alpha,alpha-disubstituted-beta-amino acids (beta(2,2)-amino acids) was employed in the synthesis of a series of 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propionic acids possessing high affinity for the CCR5 receptor and potent anti-HIV activity. The rat pharmacokinetics for these new analogues featured higher bioavailabilities and lower rates of clearance as compared to cyclopentane 1.

1,3,4 Trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists bearing 4-aminoheterocycle substituted piperidine side chains.

A new class of 4-(aminoheterocycle)piperidine derived 1,3,4 trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 antagonists is reported. Compound 4a is shown to have good binding affinity (1.8 nM) and antiviral activity in PBMC's (IC(95)=50 nM).

1,3,4-Trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists: modifications of the arylpropylpiperidine side chains.

The 4-(3-phenylprop-1-yl)piperidine moiety of the 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 antagonist 1 was modified with electron deficient aromatics as well as replacement of the benzylic methylene with sulfones, gem-difluoromethylenes and alcohols in an effort to balance the antiviral potency with reasonable pharmacokinetics.

1,3,4-Trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Part 4: synthesis of N-1 acidic functionality affording analogues with enhanced antiviral activity against HIV.

A series of alpha-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)acetic acids is presented as selective and potent antivirals against HIV. Several of the pyrrolidine zwitterions demonstrated reasonable in vitro properties, enhanced antiviral activities and improved pharmacokinetic profiles over pyrrolidine 1.

1,3,4-Trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Part 3: polar functionality and its effect on anti-HIV-1 activity.

Incorporation of acidic functional groups into a lead CCR5 antagonist identified from a targeted combinatorial library resulted in compounds with enhanced anti-HIV-1 activity and attenuated L-type calcium channel affinity.

1,3,4-Trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Part 2: lead optimization affording selective, orally bioavailable compounds with potent anti-HIV activity.

Investigations of the structure-activity relationships of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine human CCR5 receptor antagonists afforded orally bioavailable compounds with the ability to inhibit HIV replication in vitro.

1,3,4-Trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Part 1: discovery of the pyrrolidine scaffold and determination of its stereochemical requirements.

A series of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidines was discovered to have the ability to displace [(125)I]-MIP-1alpha from the CCR5 receptor expressed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell membranes. CCR5 activity was found to be dependent on the regiochemistry and the absolute stereochemistry of the pyrrolidine.

Antagonists of the human CCR5 receptor as anti-HIV-1 agents. part 1: discovery and initial structure-activity relationships for 1 -amino-2-phenyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)butanes.

Screening of the Merck sample collection for compounds with CCR5 receptor binding afforded (2S)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-[N-(methyl)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-4-[spiro(2,3-dihydrobenzthiophene-3,4'-piperidin-1'-yl)]butane S-oxide (4) as a potent lead structure having an IC50 binding affinity of 35 nM. Herein, we describe the discovery of this lead structure and our initial structure activity relationship studies directed toward the requirement for and optimization of the 1-amino fragment.

Phosphorylated morpholine acetal human neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists as water-soluble prodrugs.

The regioselective dibenzylphosphorylation of 2 followed by catalytic reduction in the presence of N-methyl-D-glucamine afforded 2-(S)-(1-(R)-(3, 5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethoxy)-3-(S)-(4-fluoro)phenyl-4-(5-(2- phosphoryl-3-oxo-4H,-1,2,4-triazolo)methylmorpholine, bis(N-methyl-D-glucamine) salt, 11. Incubation of 11 in rat, dog, and human plasma and in human hepatic subcellular fractions in vitro indicated that conversion to 2 would be expected to occur in vivo most readily in humans during hepatic circulation. Conversion of 11 to 2 occurred rapidly in vivo in the rat and dog with the levels of 11 being undetectable within 5 min after 1 and 8 mg/kg doses iv in the rat and within 15 min after 0.