[Brain magnetic resonance imaging features in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy].

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the most common inherited mitochondrial disease, characterized by the development of bilateral partial optic nerve atrophy. Modern neuroimaging technologies enable the acquisition of high-quality images, allowing for the evaluation of all structural components of the orbits, including the optic nerve. Consequently, the relevance of performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with LHON has increased.

[Hereditary optic neuropathy associated with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system].

Demyelinating optic neuritis and hereditary optic neuropathy (HON) take a leading place among the diseases, the leading clinical syndrome of which is bilateral optic neuropathy with a simultaneous or sequential significant decrease in visual acuity. Optic neuritis can occur at the onset or be one of the syndromes within multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease (MOGAD). HON are a group of neurodegenerative diseases, among which the most common variants are Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, and autosomal recessive optic neuropathy (ARON), caused by nuclear DNA (nDNA) mutations in .

[Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis with a subacute onset].

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE), also called Hurst's encephalitis, is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by rapid progression and acute inflammation of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. AHLE is currently considered as a rare, most severe variant of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Clinically AHLE is characterized by a fulminant course with a rapid development of encephalopathy and multifocal neurological symptoms.

[Optic neuropathies as an interdisciplinary subject of research].

Despite the wide range of clinical, instrumental and laboratory methods used in modern ophthalmology, the problem of diagnosing optic neuropathy and identifying its etiology remains relevant. A complex multidisciplinary approach involving various specialists is required in the differential diagnosis of immune-mediated optic neuritis, for example in multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and MOG-associated diseases. Of special interest is differential diagnosis of optic neuropathy in demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, hereditary optic neuropathies and ischemic optic neuropathy.

[Quantitative susceptibility mapping in assessment of inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis].

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a relatively new MRI technique that may potentially help estimate iron concentrations in the brain. It plays a big role in diagnosis of many pathological processes, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Iron metabolism in the brain is a complex and not fully understood process.

Levamisole-associated multifocal inflammatory encephalopathy: clinical and MRI characteristics, and diagnostic algorithm.

Levamisole-associated multifocal inflammatory encephalopathy (LAMIE) is a devastating adverse effect of levamisole (LEV) treatment. In Russia, people often use LEV without a doctor's prescription for anthelmintic prophylaxis. LAMIE often misdiagnosed as the first episode of MS or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).

[A case of subtentorial progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab].

This paper presents a case report of subtentorial progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in a 26-year-old female patient treated with natalizumab. The evolution of clinical features, neuroimaging data and treatment as well as the development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) are described. This case emphasizes the importance to keep accurately the risk management plan during natalizumab treatment.

[Brain atrophy and perfusion changes in patients with remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis].

Aim: To study the relationship of brain atrophy and changes in perfusion with an increase in the level of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Material And Methods: Twenty patients with remitting MS, 20 patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) and 20 healthy people were studied. The level of neurological deficit was assessed with EDSS and cognitive status with PASAT.

[Radiologically isolated syndrome as a possible preclinical stage of primary-progressive multiple sclerosis].

The article presents a clinical case-report of transformation of radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) to primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). It also provides a review of international and Russian data on the comparison of clinical and MRI characteristics of PPMS with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis and the review of the current data on the risks of transition of RIS to PPMS.

[A current view on the MRI diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: an update of 2016 revised MRI criteria].

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the primary method for confirming the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The article presents the current data on using MRI of the brain and spinal cord for diagnosis in suspected MS. Special attention is paid to the MRI criteria of McDonald and MAGNIMS for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and primary-progressive MS (PPMS) in the latest revisions of 2010 and 2016.

[Atypical multiple sclerosis - Balo's concentric sclerosis: two case-reports and a review].

This article presents two clinical cases of patients diagnosed with Balo's concentric sclerosis. Distinctive features of the pathogenesis in the aspect of differential diagnosis from other forms of multiple sclerosis and possible treatment are discussed.

[Radiologically isolated syndrome - MRI criteria and management tactic].

The use of brain MRI for the diagnosis of neurological diseases has increased significantly over the past two decades. This has led to an increase in the discovery of chance findings, with asymptomatic lesions in the white matter being most frequent. Based on radiological criteria, these findings can be interpreted as demyelinating lesions in some cases.

[Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis as an atypical demyelinating process].

This article presents an overview of current data on primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). In this aspect, the authors consider its characteristics in comparison to other MS forms as well as possible markers of the disease, criteria of diagnosis and therapeutic options in the present and the future times.

[Standartization of MRI studies in multiple sclerosis].

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with multiple sclerosis has markedly increased in recent years. The main task of the MRI studies after the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is to assess the dynamics of MRI for determining disease progression and monitoring the efficacy of therapy. In this regard, it is very important to obtain the most identical baseline and follow-up MRI that is possible when a single standard protocol is used.

[A DTI study of the spinal cord lesion in patients with multiple sclerosis during the follow-up after relapse].

Unlabelled: Spinal cord involvement is frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS) but the correlation between spinal cord damage on conventional MRI and clinical symptoms is not always obvious. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a sensitive technique for revealing tissue damage.

Objective: to investigate spinal cord DTI changes in MS patients during the relapse and in the follow-up.

[Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of visual pathway neurodegeneration in glaucoma].

Aim: To study the state of visual pathways in patients with glaucoma by means of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI).

Material And Methods: DT-MRI was performed in 16 patients: 12 patients with POAG of different stages and 4 controls. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and its longitudinal variation (FA) determined by an original software (Fractional Anisotropy Analyzer) were used to assess the state of the lateral geniculate body and optic radiation.