Self-reported eating disorders and sleep disturbances in young adults: a prospective cohort study.

Purpose: To evaluate the prospective association between eating disorders, disordered eating behaviors, and sleep disturbances in young adults.

Methods: We used prospective cohort data of young adults aged 18-26 from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 12,082). Self-reported exposures of interest (at 18-26 years) included (1) an eating disorder diagnosis proxy; disordered eating behaviors such as (2) restrictive eating behaviors including fasting/skipping meals, (3) compensatory behaviors including vomiting, laxatives/diuretics, or weight loss pills; and (4) loss of control/overeating.

Effects of Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) Training Are Equally Beneficial for Mothers and Their Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder or With Intellectual Disabilities.

Parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or intellectual disabilities (IDs) can be stressful for many parents. Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) is a customized mindfulness program that enables parents and other caregivers to reduce their perceived psychological stress to normative levels through mindfulness procedures and to support children with ASD or ID to self-manage their challenging behaviors through positive behavior support (PBS). In this study, we evaluated whether MBPBS would have differential effects on the stress levels of mothers of adolescents with ASD ( = 47) or with ID ( = 45) and the effects of the program on the aggressive, disruptive, and compliance behaviors of their children.

Can a Mediator Moderate? Considering the Role of Time and Change in the Mediator-Moderator Distinction.

The concepts of mediation and moderation are important for specifying ways in which psychological treatments work and for whom they are most beneficial. Historically, the terms were confused and used interchangeably, so a rich body of scholarly literature makes clear their distinction. Researchers are also becoming increasingly aware that mediation and moderation can be integrated and that such integration can advance theory development and testing.

The effect of functionality-focused and appearance-focused images of models of mixed body sizes on women's state-oriented body appreciation.

Research demonstrates that exposure to appearance-focused images of models depicting societal standards of beauty negatively affect women's state-oriented body dissatisfaction. The purpose of this research was to extend this experimental research to women's state-oriented body appreciation. The 374 women participants were randomly assigned to view images that were either depicting a model who was representative or not representative of the thin ideal (body size), while this model was in either an appearance-focused pose or a function-oriented pose (pose type).

Does Social Support Buffer the Association Between Stress Eating and Weight Gain During the Transition to College? Differences by Gender.

This study sought to examine whether social support moderates the relationship between stress eating and body mass index (BMI) change over the freshman year in males and females. This longitudinal study included 70 college students (72.9% female; M age = 18.

Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis.

It remains unclear whether body dissatisfaction, a widely recognized predictor of eating-related pathologies and depressive symptomatology, is consistent across cohorts and time. This question is important to investigate because dominant theories propose that sociocultural influences, which may fluctuate, play an important role in the development of body dissatisfaction. Previous efforts for tracking body dissatisfaction across cohorts and time are limited by relying on data from a single institution or using assessments that lack psychometric support across genders.

Effectiveness of Caregiver Training in Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) vs. Training-as-Usual (TAU): A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Caregivers of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) often end up having their medical and psychological well-being compromised due to the stressful nature of caregiving, especially when those in their care engage in aggressive behavior. In this study, we provided caregivers with mindfulness-based training to enable them to better manage their psychological well-being and, through this, to also enhance specific indices of quality of life of the individuals in their care. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) the comparative effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) and Training-as-Usual (TAU) for caregivers in a congregate care facility for individuals with severe and profound IDD.

The complex relationship between personal sense of connection to animals and self-reported proenvironmental behaviors by zoo visitors.

The global biodiversity crisis requires an engaged citizenry that provides collective support for public policies and recognizes the consequences of personal consumption decisions. Understanding the factors that affect personal engagement in proenvironmental behaviors is essential for the development of actionable conservation solutions. Zoos and aquariums may be some of the only places where many people can explore their relations with wild animals and proenvironmental behaviors.

A mindfulness-based intervention for self-management of verbal and physical aggression by adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Purpose: There is a dearth of clinical and research literature on the treatment of maladaptive behaviors in adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention, Meditation on the Soles of the Feet (SoF), to facilitate self-management of verbal and physical aggression.

Method: We utilized a multiple-baseline design across participants to test the intervention with three adolescents diagnosed with PWS.

Caregiver Training in Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Supports (MBPBS): Effects on Caregivers and Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

Caregivers often manage the aggressive behavior of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities that reside in community group homes. Sometimes this results in adverse outcomes for both the caregivers and the care recipients. We provided a 7-day intensive Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) training to caregivers from community group homes and assessed the outcomes in terms of caregiver variables, individuals' behaviors, and an administrative outcome.

The effect of thin and muscular images on women's body satisfaction.

A substantial body of research documents that exposure to images depicting a "thin ideal" body figure effects women's state-oriented body satisfaction. However, there is evidence that the societal ideal body figure of females is evolving to be not just thin, but also muscular or toned. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to test the effect of exposure to ideal body figures that are both thin and muscular on female state body satisfaction.

Trajectories of oral medication adherence in youth with inflammatory bowel disease.

Objective: To examine longitudinal trajectories of oral thiopurine adherence over a 180-day interval in a sample of youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to identify the role of disease activity, length of time since diagnosis, and regimen complexity in predicting adherence trajectory class membership.

Method: Participants included 96 adolescents (M age = 14.32 years) with IBD.

Integrating mediation and moderation to advance theory development and testing.

Objective: The concepts and associated analyses of mediation and moderation are important to the field of psychology. Although pediatric psychologists frequently incorporate mediation and moderation in their theories and empirical research, on few occasions have we integrated mediation and moderation. In this article, conceptual reasons for integrating mediation and moderation are offered.

Graduate admissions in clinical neuropsychology: the importance of undergraduate training.

Discussions of and recommendations for the training of clinical neuropsychologists exist at the doctoral, internship, and post-doctoral level. With few exceptions, the literature on undergraduate preparations in clinical neuropsychology is sparse and lacks empirical evidence. In the present study, graduate-level faculty and current trainees completed surveys about graduate school preparations.

Thinking meta-theoretically about the role of internalization in the development of body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors.

Internalization of societal standards of physical attractiveness (i.e., internalization of the thin ideal for women and internalization of the mesomorphic ideal for men) is a widely studied and robust risk factor for body dissatisfaction and maladaptive body change behaviors.

Evidence-based assessment of childhood injuries and physical risk-taking behaviors.

Objective: To offer a critical evidence-based review and summary of assessment methods of childhood injuries and physical risk-taking behaviors.

Methods: A literature review was conducted to identify methodologies for assessing injury events and physical risk-taking behaviors. Methodologies reviewed included self- or parent-report scales, behavioral observations, and participant event monitoring.

Supervision to prevent childhood unintentional injury: developmental knowledge and self-efficacy count.

Caregiver developmental knowledge was tested as a moderator of the association between caregiver-perceived self-efficacy and perceived supervision to prevent childhood unintentional injury. Caregivers (N = 123; 95 mothers and 28 fathers) of children (M = 3.5 ± 1.

Familial and peer modeling and verbal commentary: associations with muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors.

This study investigated associations between familial and peer modeling of weightlifting and verbal commentary with muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors to increase muscularity in men. Participants were 177 male undergraduates who completed self-report questionnaires measuring negative verbal commentary about appearance and encouragement to lift from family and peers, paternal and peer modeling of weightlifting, muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors aimed at increasing muscularity. Two hierarchical linear regressions examined the relationships between these social influences and body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors.

Graduate admissions in pediatric psychology: the importance of undergraduate training.

Objectives: To determine the minimum and ideal undergraduate experiences in pediatric psychology expected by graduate faculty; to determine the experiences current trainees gained prior to graduate admission; to compare trainee experiences with faculty expectations.

Methods: Faculty and current trainees completed surveys.

Results: Faculty expectations of minimum and ideal undergraduate training were highest for research methods and evaluation, paralleling the highest level of undergraduate training reported by trainees.

Identification of families at risk for behavior problems in primary care settings.

Objective: Parenting practices and cognitions are associated with child externalizing behavior problems. Parenting programs targeting these areas are effective in improving child behavior but are limited to the extent to which they reach at-risk families. This study compared the parenting practices and cognitions of parents with high and low tolerance for misbehavior to parents of children with clinically significant behavior problems to evaluate the utility of assessing parental tolerance for identifying children at risk for externalizing behavior problems.

Assessing injuries with proxies: implications for understanding concurrent relations and behavioral antecedents of pediatric injuries.

Objective: To examine the implications of using proxies of medically attended injuries (minor injuries and close calls) for understanding concurrent relations among-and behavioral antecedents of-pediatric injuries.

Methods: Participants were 812 children from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Measures of externalizing behavior, maternal depression, SES, and the home environment were examined as prospective predictors of minor injuries, close calls, and medically attended injuries.

Social body comparison and internalization: mediators of social influences on men's muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction.

Research suggests that body dissatisfaction (BD) is prevalent among males and associated with unhealthy outcomes. Consistent with the well-validated Tripartite Influence Model, internalization of an ideal body figure and social body comparison have received support as predictors of men's dissatisfaction with their muscularity. However, empirical investigations with males that include both constructs are lacking.