Fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal: keeping up with the Joneses.

Fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal are among the most common fractures of the foot. History, physical examination, and subsequent radiographic work-up can help with the diagnosis of such a fracture. Many fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal can have an associated prodrome, thereby establishing a level of chronicity to the problem.

Comparative functional outcome of AO/OTA type C distal humerus fractures: open injuries do worse than closed fractures.

Background: Open distal humerus fractures present significant soft-tissue injury and bone devitalization that require prompt irrigation and debridement, temporization, and soft-tissue coverage.

Methods: This case-control comparison of open and closed AO type C fractures of the distal humerus tests the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the outcomes and prognosis of open versus closed distal humerus fractures treated operatively. Outcomes were determined clinically and radiographically and reported by the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment, the Short Form-36,and the Mayo Elbow Performance Index.

Staged versus acute definitive management of open distal humerus fractures.

Background: Open distal humerus fractures are associated with soft tissue and bony injury. This study compares the results of a staged protocol using initial joint spanning external fixation and delayed definitive fixation to acute definitive fixation.

Methods: Treated open distal humerus fractures were retrospectively reviewed, with patients examined at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks after definitive surgery.

Acute and chronic lateral ankle instability in the athlete.

Ankle sprain injuries are the most common injury sustained during sporting activities. Three-quarters of ankle injuries involve the lateral ligamentous complex, comprised of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). The most common mechanism of injury in lateral ankle sprains occurs with forced plantar flexion and inversion of the ankle as the body's center of gravity rolls over the ankle.

Open distal humerus fractures--review of the literature.

Fractures of the distal humerus can be difficult to treat due to the periarticular nature of these injuries and the complexity of the elbow joint. Although anatomic and timely repair of the distal humerus with meticulous handling of soft tissues and appropriate postoperative therapy all help to optimize results, an open fracture presents other challenges that may limit successful outcomes in spite of these measures. Open fractures have been found to affect younger males involved in high-energy injuries, as well as older, osteoporotic females involved in lower energy situations.

Depletion of ceramides with very long chain fatty acids causes defective skin permeability barrier function, and neonatal lethality in ELOVL4 deficient mice.

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), either free or as components of glycerolipids and sphingolipids, are present in many organs. Elongation of very long chain fatty acids-4 (ELOVL4) belongs to a family of 6 members of putative fatty acid elongases that are involved in the formation of VLCFA. Mutations in ELOVL4 were found to be responsible for an autosomal dominant form of Stargardt's-like macular dystrophy (STGD3) in human.