Transcriptome analysis of infecting strawberry identified RXLR effectors that induce cell death when transiently expressed in .

is a plant pathogenic oomycete that causes crown rot in strawberry leading to significant economic losses every year. To invade the host, secretes an arsenal of effectors that can manipulate host physiology and impair its defense system promoting infection. A transcriptome analysis was conducted on a susceptible wild strawberry genotype () 48 hours post inoculation with to identify effectors expressed during the early infection stage.

Diversity of the Ry gene conferring resistance to potato virus Y in wild relatives of potato.

Background: Potato virus Y (PVY) is among the economically most damaging viral pathogen in production of potato (Solanum tuberosum) worldwide. The gene Ry derived from the wild potato relative Solanum stoloniferum confers extreme resistance to PVY.

Results: The presence and diversity of Ry were investigated in wild relatives of potato (298 genotypes representing 29 accessions of 26 tuber-bearing Solanum species) using PacBio amplicon sequencing.

Fungicide-Resistant in Forest Nurseries May Impact Disease Control in Norway Spruce.

Gray mold, caused by spp., is a serious problem in Norway spruce seedling production in forest nurseries. From 2013 to 2019, 125 isolates of were obtained from eight forest nurseries in Norway: 53 from Norway spruce seedlings, 16 from indoor air, 52 from indoor surfaces, and four from weeds growing close to seedlings.

Genome analysis of strains associated with crown- and leather-rot in strawberry.

has two distinct pathotypes that cause crown rot and leather rot in strawberry ( × ). Strains of the crown rot pathotype can infect both the rhizome (crown) and fruit tissues, while strains of the leather rot pathotype can only infect the fruits of strawberry. The genome of a highly virulent crown rot strain, a low virulent crown rot strain, and three leather rot strains were sequenced using PacBio high fidelity (HiFi) long read sequencing.

Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees.

Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Novel Candidate Resistance Genes Involved in Defence against in Strawberry.

Crown rot, caused by , is a devastating disease of strawberry. While most commercial octoploid strawberry cultivars ( × Duch) are generally susceptible, the diploid species is a potential source of resistance genes to . We previously reported several genotypes with varying degrees of resistance to .

Transcriptional profiling of defense responses to infection in leaves of plants soil-drenched with β-aminobutyric acid.

Grey mold caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen can affect leaves, flowers, and berries of strawberry, causing severe pre- and postharvest damage. The defense elicitor β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) is reported to induce resistance against and many other pathogens in several crop plants. Surprisingly, BABA soil drench of woodland strawberry () plants two days before inoculation caused increased infection in leaf tissues, suggesting that BABA induce systemic susceptibility in .

Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs.

International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas.

sp. nov., sp. nov., sp. nov. and sp. nov., isolated from diverse environmental sources, and emended description of the genus .

Bacteria isolated from onion bulbs suffering from bacterial decay in the United States and Norway were previously shown to belong to the genus based on partial housekeeping gene sequences and/or fatty acid analysis. However, many strains could not be assigned to any existing species. Additionally, strains isolated from creek water and oak as well as a strain with bioremediation properties were assigned to based on partial housekeeping gene sequences.

DNA Metabarcoding Reveals Broad Presence of Plant Pathogenic Oomycetes in Soil From Internationally Traded Plants.

Plants with roots and soil clumps transported over long distances in plant trading can harbor plant pathogenic oomycetes, facilitating disease outbreaks that threaten ecosystems, biodiversity, and food security. Tools to detect the presence of such oomycetes with a sufficiently high throughput and broad scope are currently not part of international phytosanitary testing regimes. In this work, DNA metabarcoding targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was employed to broadly detect and identify oomycetes present in soil from internationally shipped plants.

Chemical profiling of the Arctic sea lettuce Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) mass-cultivated on land under controlled conditions for food applications.

The increasing use of seaweeds in European cuisine led to cultivation initiatives funded by the European Union. Ulva lactuca, commonly known as sea lettuce, is a fast growing seaweed in the North Atlantic that chefs are bringing into the local cuisine. Here, different strains of Arctic U.

Identification of QTLs for powdery mildew (Podosphaera aphanis; syn. Sphaerotheca macularis f. sp. fragariae) susceptibility in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa).

Strawberry powdery mildew (Podosphaera aphanis Wallr.) is a pathogen which infects the leaves, fruit, stolon and flowers of the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa), causing major yield losses, primarily through unmarketable fruit. The primary commercial control of the disease is the application of fungicidal sprays.

Rahnella spp. are commonly isolated from onion (Allium cepa) bulbs and are weakly pathogenic.

Aims: Bacterial decays of onion bulbs have serious economic consequences for growers, but the aetiologies of these diseases are often unclear. We aimed to determine the role of Rahnella, which we commonly isolated from bulbs in the United States and Norway, in onion disease.

Methods And Results: Isolated bacteria were identified by sequencing of housekeeping genes and/or fatty acid methyl ester analysis.

Bioinformatic characterisation of the effector repertoire of the strawberry pathogen Phytophthora cactorum.

The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora cactorum causes crown rot, a major disease of cultivated strawberry. We report the draft genome of P. cactorum isolate 10300, isolated from symptomatic Fragaria x ananassa tissue.

Low genetic variation of invasive spp. in their northernmost European distribution range.

Knowledge about the reproduction strategies of invasive species is fundamental for effective control. The invasive taxa (Japanese knotweed .) reproduce mainly clonally in Europe, and preventing spread of vegetative fragments is the most important control measure.

Multimycotoxin and fungal analysis of maize grains from south and southwestern Ethiopia.

The natural occurrence of fungi, mycotoxins and fungal metabolites was investigated in 100 samples of maize grains collected from south and southwestern Ethiopia in 2015. The maize samples were contaminated by Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry 127 secondary metabolites were analysed.

Pectobacterium polaris sp. nov., isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum).

The genus Pectobacterium, which belongs to the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae, contains numerous species that cause soft rot diseases in a wide range of plants. The species Pectobacterium carotovorum is highly heterogeneous, indicating a need for re-evaluation and a better classification of the species. PacBio was used for sequencing of two soft-rot-causing bacterial strains (NIBIO1006 and NIBIO1392), initially identified as P.

A Three-Way Transcriptomic Interaction Study of a Biocontrol Agent (Clonostachys rosea), a Fungal Pathogen (Helminthosporium solani), and a Potato Host (Solanum tuberosum).

Helminthosporium solani causes silver scurf, which affects the quality of potato. The biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea greatly limited the severity of silver scurf symptoms and amount of H. solani genomic DNA in laboratory experiments.

Complete genome sequence of the biofilm-forming sp. strain BH-2-1-1, isolated from lettuce () originating from a conventional field in Norway.

Here, we present the 3,795,952 bp complete genome sequence of the biofilm-forming sp. strain BH-2-1-1, isolated from conventionally grown lettuce () from a field in Vestfold, Norway. The nucleotide sequence of this genome was deposited into NCBI GenBank under the accession CP017580.

Expression of resistance gene analogs in woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) during infection with Phytophthora cactorum.

Important losses in strawberry production are often caused by the oomycete Phytophthora cactorum, the causal agent of crown rot. However, very limited studies at molecular levels exist of the mechanisms related to strawberry resistance against this pathogen. To begin to rectify this situation, a PCR-based approach (NBS profiling) was used to isolate strawberry resistance gene analogs (RGAs) with altered expression in response to P.

Global transcriptome changes in perennial ryegrass during early infection by pink snow mould.

Lack of resistance to pink snow mould (Microdochium nivale) is a major constraint for adaptation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to continental regions with long-lasting snow cover at higher latitudes. Almost all investigations of genetic variation in resistance have been performed using cold acclimated plants.

Resistance to Streptomyces turgidiscabies in potato involves an early and sustained transcriptional reprogramming at initial stages of tuber formation.

Common scab, caused by species from the bacterial genus Streptomyces, is an important disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops worldwide. Early tuberization is a critical period for pathogen infection; hence, studies of host gene expression responses during this developmental stage can be important to expand our understanding of the infection process and to identify putative resistance genes. In an infection experiment with the highly susceptible potato cultivar Saturna and the relatively resistant cultivar Beate, transcription profiles were obtained by RNA sequencing at two developmental stages: the early hook stage and the early tuber formation stage.

Survey of nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs in Norway.

A survey of nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs was conducted for the first time in Norway. A total of 611 terrestrial slugs were collected from 32 sample sites. Slugs were identified by means of morphological examination, dissection of genitalia and molecular analysis using mitochondrial DNA.