Excessive training is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress but not apoptosis in the hypothalamus of mice.

Downhill running-based overtraining model increases the hypothalamic levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, SOCS3, and pSAPK-JNK. The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of 3 overtraining protocols on the levels of BiP, pIRE-1 (Ser724), pPERK (Thr981), pelF2α (Ser52), ATF-6, GRP-94, caspase 4, caspase 12, pAKT (Ser473), pmTOR (Ser2448), and pAMPK (Thr172) proteins in the mouse hypothalamus. The mice were randomized into the control, overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up), and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR) groups.

Functional evaluation of arthroscopic treatment of SLAP lesions through the O'Brien portal.

Objective: To evaluate the functional results from arthroscopic repair of SLAP lesions through the portal described by O'Brien.

Methods: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on 19 shoulders in 18 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of SLAP lesions through the O'Brien portal between November 2007 and January 2012.

Results: Nineteen shoulders in 18 patients were evaluated: 16 male patients (84.

Overtraining is associated with DNA damage in blood and skeletal muscle cells of Swiss mice.

Background: The alkaline version of the single-cell gel (comet) assay is a useful method for quantifying DNA damage. Although some studies on chronic and acute effects of exercise on DNA damage measured by the comet assay have been performed, it is unknown if an aerobic training protocol with intensity, volume, and load clearly defined will improve performance without leading to peripheral blood cell DNA damage. In addition, the effects of overtraining on DNA damage are unknown.