[MEDICINE IN OSIJEK DURING THE REIGN OF FRANZ JOSEPH I – THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HUTTLER-KOLHOFFER-MONSPERGER FOUNDATION HOSPITAL].

The Austrian emperor and the Croat-Hungarian king Franz Joseph I (1830/1848-1916) was the longest-serving ruler of the Habsburg dynasty. Among his properties was Osijek, which since 1809 enjoyed the status of a free royal city. In the period under review, it was the seat of the Virovitica County and the capital of the Kingdom of Slavonia until its incorporation into the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia after the Croat-Hungarian settlement of 1868.

[AVICENNA’S MUSEUM IN HIS NATIVE AFSHONA].

Ibn Sina, better known to the Western medical historians by his Latin nickname Avicenna, is considered the third most important physician in medical history, along with the Greek physician Hippocrates and the Roman physician Galen. He was born around 980 in Afshona near Bukhara on the Silk Road in present-day Uzbekistan and died in 1037 in Hamadan near Tehran in present-day Iran. Among his greatest contributions to the development of medicine is his work entitled The Canon of Medicine, in which he summarized all the previous medical knowledge, which is why it has been used for centuries as a basic medical textbook.

[Protector Saints Against Plague Epidemics - Analysis of the Examples from the Sacral Patrimonies of the Cites of Rijeka and Osijek].

Plague epidemics have remained in the collective consciousness until nowadays remembered as the deadliest. Therefore, it is not surprising that the answers to them throughout history have been not only medical but also religious. The previously mentioned will be analyzed in this paper through the cults of the protector saints against the plague epidemics that have developed in two Croatian cities of comparable size, Rijeka and Osijek, but with the diametrically opposed geographical positions and, accordingly, quite different historical developments.

[Uz 500. obljetnicu smrti Leonarda da Vincija].

This editorial is dedicated to a commemoration of the 500th anniversary of the death of Leonardo da Vinci (Vinci near Florence, April 15, 1452 ‑ Cloux Castle, France, May 2, 1519) ‑ the greatest Renaissance artist and one of the greatest artists in general. From his invaluable artistic and scientific heritage, only a small part dedicated to the exploration of the Nature was selected for this occasion. In this part, according to many, the most significant place is dedicated to his anatomical drawings as a lasting testament to his interest in anatomy and medicine in general.

200th Anniversary of the Beginning of Clinical Application of the Laennec's Stethoscope in 1819.

Although stethoscope was invented by French physician René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec (1781-1826) in 1816, its wider clinical application started only after the publication of his book entitled De l'Auscultation Médiate ou Traité, du Diagnostic des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur in 1819. Its invention coincided with the development of the 'hospital medicine' in the post-revolutionary Paris during the first quarter of the 19th century. It has enabled then contemporary physicians to explain the correlation between the patient symptoms and the clinical findings and thus has helped the shift from the humoral pathology towards the solitary pathology.

[200th birth anniversary of Ignatius Philipp Semmelweis].

Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis's significance for the history of medicine lies in his discovery of the cause of puerperal fever. He discovered it during his work at the First Obstetrics Clinic of the Vienna's Allgemeines Krankenhaus. Since the mentioned Clinic, led by the doctors, had much higher mortality rates of the child-bearing women than the Second Obstetrics Clinic, led by the midwives, he wanted to determine the causes of such a state.

[Holy Trinity monument in the city of Osijek].

Plague was one of the most deadly epidemic diseases of the Baroque period. Responses to it were not only medical, but religious as well. A good example of the latter is the Most Holy Trinity monument in the city of Osijek, which was in the 18th century the biggest town of the Kingdom of Slavonia and today is the regional centre in the Republic of Croatia.

The Influence of the Age, the Years of Training, and the BMI on the Average Muscle Power in Male and Female Rowers.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the age, the body mass index (BMI), and the years of training on the average muscle power in male and female rowers. The analysis of the testing results of the members of the Rowing club Iktus from Osijek in Croatia was performed. Results were obtained during the regular yearly testing on the rowing ergometer for the rowing season of 2009.

Emanuel Edward Klein's book on diseases of birds.

Emanuel Edward Klein (1844 - 1925) was a British microbiologist of Croatian origin. He was born in Osijek in what is currently the Republic of Croatia and which was then part of the Habsburg Monarchy, he completed his medical studies in Vienna in 1869, and went on to spend his entire career in London. Although trained as an anatomist, embryologist and histologist, his main area of research was microbiology.

Imbalanced concentrations of serum lipids and lichen planus.

The aim of this study was to analyze possible connection between the lichen planus and imbalanced concentrations of serum lipids and to evaluate the impact of various dietary regimes (used in the regulation of imbalanced concentrations of serum lipids) on the regression of lichen planus lesions. Research was conducted as a case-control study comprised of 72 patients with Lichen Planus and 30 participants from control group, treated at the Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology of the Clinical-Hospital Centre Osijek, Eastern Croatia, during 2010 and 2011. LP cases were diagnosed with both a clinical examination conducted by a dermatovenerology consultant and by patohistological diagnostic.

Red and processed meat and cardiovascular risk factors.

Aims: The British National Diet and Nutrition 2000/1 Survey data set records on 1,724 respondents (766 males and 958 females) were analyzed in order to assess the potential influences of red and processed meat intakes on cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods: Linear regression of the associations of the red, processed, combination of red and processed, and total meat intakes with body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure and plasma total cholesterol as cardiovascular risk factors was conducted, paying due attention to the subject age and sex as potential confounders.

Results: Linear analyses showed the total meat intake and combined red and processed meat intake to cause a 1.

The impact of the vitamins A, C and E in the prevention of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

This paper aims at evaluating the impact of vitamins intake in the prevention of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's oesophagus (BE), and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EADC). It concentrates primarily on the antioxidant vitamins A, C and E. There were 180 subjects included in the trial, 109 males and 71 females, which were divided in the four groups (70 patients with GERD, 20 patients with BE, 20 patients with EADC, and 70 healthy examinees composing a control group).

Renaissance plays as a useful source for the comparison between English and Croatian early modern medicine.

This paper evaluates the differences between English and Croatian views of early modern medicine through the respective Renaissance plays. As Renaissance made no particular distinction between arts and sciences, plays of that time provide a very common source of medical narrative. During Renaissance both languages produced high literary achievements, which makes them exemplars among their Germanic and Slavic counterparts, and justifies this comparison, regardless of their significant differences.

Differences and similarities in the regulation of medical practice between early modern Vienna and Osijek.

This paper evaluates the regulation of medical practice from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries in two Habsburg cities, Vienna and Osijek, in the light of the spread of medical knowledge and practice from the centre to the periphery of the Habsburg Monarchy. Although both cities were part of the Habsburg Monarchy for much of the early modern period, there were more differences than similarities between them. This may be explained by appealing to a variety of factors, including geographical position, population structure, religion, government type, and professional organisations, all of which contributed to making medical practice very different in the two cities.

Evaluation of influences of the Viennese Anatomical School on the work of the Croatian Anatomist Jelena Krmpotic-Nemanic.

Objective: This paper tries to evaluate the connections between the Viennese Anatomical School and the Croatian Anatomist Jelena Krmpotic-Nemanic.

Materials And Methods: 17 papers written by Professor Jelena Krmpotic-Nemanic in the last decade of her life were chosen for analyses. According to their themes they could be divided into three groups: ones which evaluate the anatomical terminology, ones which research the development of anatomical structures, and ones which describe the anatomical variations.

Sexual behaviour of Croatian blood donors as a threat to the health of blood recipients.

Background: In this cross-sectional study we assessed the prevalence of the various blood safety sexual risk behaviours among blood donors from East Croatia and the possibilities for improving the present blood donor screening procedure.

Materials And Methods: The study included 423 blood donors of both sexes who completed a specially designed anonymous questionnaire immediately after their blood donations. The questionnaire contained questions on demographic data, sexual preferences, and possible sexual risk behaviours in the period before the blood donation.

1885 Cholera Controversy: Klein versus Koch.

This paper will try to give new insight into the Cholera Controversy, which occurred 125 years ago. The majority of papers already written on the topic have emphasised the role of Robert Koch who described the comma bacillus as the cause of cholera epidemics. At the same time they have marginalised the role of Emanuel Edward Klein by stating that he was wrong when he objected to Robert Koch's statement, because as an employee of the British government he was politically motivated.

Emanuel Edward Klein, a diligent and industrious plodder or the father of British microbiology.

Emanuel Edward Klein (Osijek, 1844 - Hove, 1925) was a British microbiologist of Croatian origin. He completed his medical studies in Vienna in 1869. In 1869 he was sent to England to determine terms for the translation of Samuel Stricker's manual Handbuch von den Geweben des Menchen und der Tiere.

The role of the nutrition in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

This paper aims at evaluating the role of improper nutrition in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's oesophagus (BE), and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EADC). It also tries to examine the influence of the alcohol, nicotine and coffee consumption in the development of the mentioned diseases. There were 180 subjects included in the trial, 109 males and 71 females, which were divided in the four groups (70 patients with GERD, 20 patients with BE, 20 patients with EADC, and 70 healthy examinees composing a control group).

Emanuel Edward Klein--the father of British microbiology and the case of the animal vivisection controversy of 1875.

The new Appendix A of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, which gives guidelines for accommodation and care of animals and was approved on June 15, 2006, was the main reason the authors decided to investigate the origins of the regulations of animal experiments. Although one might assume that the regulation had its origin in the United Nations conventions, the truth is that its origins are a hundred years old. The authors present a case of the nineteenth-century vivisection controversy brought about by the publication of the Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory in 1873, in which John Burdon-Sanderson, Emanuel Edward Klein, Michael Foster, and Thomas Lauder Brunton described a series of vivisection experiments they performed on animals for research purposes.

Different roles of sex steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction and the development of cardiovascular disease in men and women.

In this review an overview of current literature on the topic of the relation between sex steroid hormones and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is presented. The influence of the mentioned hormones on the three levels has been analyzed: their interaction with the blood vessel receptors, their modulation of the vascular function, and finally their role in the pathogenesis of CVDs. This review is focused not only on already known facts of the protective role of estrogens and the inceptive role of testosterone, but attempts to give examples of their opposite effects on vascular function and development of CVDs.

[Between barber's and hospital: the role of barber-surgeons in Osijek in the period from 1687 to 1746].

This paper presents emergence and role of medical practitioners especially surgeons and barbers in particular in Osijek in the period marked by the Christian liberation in 1687 to the pronouncement of Regulationenfür Baderen in 1746. On the bases of archival sources we have revealed their identity, origin, number and reputation, and demonstrated differences in their duties in comparison to the other towns of the Habsburg Monarchy. We argued that their presence and activities can be explained by the position of Osijek as an important military fortification at the Othoman Empire's border, as well as with deficiency of physicians.