Sex differences in the relationship between hepatic steatosis, mood and anxiety disorders.

Objective: To investigate the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), mental symptoms (mood, anxiety disorders and distress) by sex.

Methods: This a cross-sectional study performed in working-age adults from a Health Promotion Center (primary care) in São Paulo, Brazil. Self-reported mental symptoms from rating scales (21-item Beck Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and K6 distress scale) were evaluated by hepatic steatosis (NAFLD and ALD).

Neck circumference as a marker of body adiposity in young to middle-aged adults.

Objective: Neck circumference (NC) is a straightforward method for quantifying upper body adiposity without the limitations that other indices can have. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between NC, overall (body mass index [BMI]) and central obesity (waist circumference [WC]), and percentage of body fat (BF%) in men and women.

Methods: The associations with NC quartiles (first quartile: reference group), BMI ≥30 kg/m, WC (>102 cm for men and >88 cm for women), and high BF% (≥21 for men and ≥29 for women) were compared and analyzed by logistic regression models adjusted for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and lean mass.