Unmasking Individual and Institutional HIV Stigma in Hospitals: Perspectives of Dutch Healthcare Providers.

People with HIV continue to experience HIV stigma. Quantitative data on HIV stigma perpetrated by healthcare providers of hospitals providing HIV care in high-income countries are limited. The aim of this study is to investigate factors associated with HIV stigma in Dutch healthcare settings from the healthcare providers' perspective.

Mineral and Organic Fertilizers Distinctly Affect Fungal Communities in the Crop Rhizosphere.

Fungi represent a diverse group of organisms that play an essential role in maintaining soil health and ecosystem functioning. Plant root exudates form nutrient-rich niches that harbor specific fungal communities, or so-called rhizosphere mycobiomes. The long-term application of fertilizers supplies the soil with nutrients that may override the plant-related effects on rhizosphere fungal communities.

Improved science-based transformation pathways for the development of safe and sustainable plastics.

Projected plastic production volumes are rising, as is societal and political attention to plastic pollution and possible health impacts. In line with ambitions for climate mitigation and the circular economy, various national and international policies and action plans address the reduction of impacts of plastics. Quantitative scenario analyses show that even if current ambitious targets to reduce plastics are achieved, plastics will remain a source of millions of tons of environmental pollution annually.

Does fresh farmyard manure introduce surviving microbes into soil or activate soil-borne microbiota?

Manure inputs into soil strongly affect soil microbial communities leading to shifts in microbial diversity and activity. It is still not clear whether these effects are caused mainly by the survival of microbes introduced with manure or by activation of the soil-borne microbiome. Here, we investigated how the soil microbiome was changed after the introduction of fresh farmyard cattle manure, and which microorganisms originating from manure survived in soil.

BLIGHTSIM: A New Potato Late Blight Model Simulating the Response of to Diurnal Temperature and Humidity Fluctuations in Relation to Climate Change.

Temperature response curves under diurnal oscillating temperatures differ from those under constant conditions for all stages of the infection cycle on potatoes. We developed a mechanistic model (BLIGHTSIM) with an hourly time step to simulate late blight under fluctuating environmental conditions and predict late blight epidemics in potato fields. BLIGHTSIM is a modified susceptible (S), latent (L), infectious (I) and removed (R) compartmental model with hourly temperature and relative humidity as driving variables.

One Health - Cycling of diverse microbial communities as a connecting force for soil, plant, animal, human and ecosystem health.

The One Health concept proposes that there is a connection between human, animal and environmental health. Plants and their health are not explicitly included. In this review, we broaden the One Health concept to include soil, plant, animal and ecosystem health.

Penicillin Trunk Injection Affects Bacterial Community Structure in Citrus Trees.

Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), an uncultured α-proteobacterium, is the most destructive disease of citrus trees worldwide. In previous studies, trunk injections of penicillin reduced CLas titers and HLB symptoms in citrus. However, antibiotic effects on the whole plant microbial community, which include effects on taxa that interact with CLas, have not yet been addressed.

In-Grove Spatiotemporal Spread of Citrus Huanglongbing and Its Psyllid Vector in Relation to Weather.

Reports of spatial patterns of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-infected asymptomatic citrus trees and 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-positive Asian citrus psyllids (ACP) are rare, as are published relationships between huanglongbing (HLB), ACP, and weather.

Pest risk assessment of for the European Union.

EFSA was asked for a partial risk assessment of for the territory of the EU focussing on the main pathways for entry, factors affecting establishment, risk reduction options and pest management. As a polyphagous pest, five commodity pathways were examined in detail. Aggregating across these and other pathways, we estimate that tens of thousands to over a million individual larvae could enter the EU annually on host commodities.

Guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment.

This Guidance describes a two-phase approach for a fit-for-purpose method for the assessment of plant pest risk in the territory of the EU. Phase one consists of pest categorisation to determine whether the pest has the characteristics of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non-quarantine pest for the area of the EU. Phase two consists of pest risk assessment, which may be requested by the risk managers following the pest categorisation results.

Pest categorisation of .

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an armoured scale which preferentially feeds on smooth barked woody trees and shrubs. The pest occurs in Asia, North America and non-EU Europe (Caucasus region and Ukraine). The pest is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC as , a junior synonym.

Updated pest categorisation of .

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel updated its pest categorisation of , previously delivered as part of the pest risk assessment published in 2015. is a Gram-negative bacterium, responsible for various plant diseases, including Pierce's disease, phony peach disease, citrus variegated chlorosis, olive quick decline syndrome, almond leaf scorch and various other leaf scorch diseases. The pathogen is endemic in the Americas and is present in Iran.

Pest categorisation of .

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the fungus , the causal agent of potato wart disease, for the European Union (EU). The identity of the pest is well established and reliable methods exist for its detection and identification. is present in most continents.

Pest categorisation of .

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of , a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Melampsoraceae. The pathogen is regulated in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as a harmful organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. is a heteroecious rust fungus with spp.

Pest categorisation of subsp. .

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of subsp. (hereafter . subsp).

Pest categorisation of sensu lato.

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of sensu lato (Nematoda: Longidoridae) for the EU. Sixty-one species in this group are recognised. They are polyphagous pests found in soil associated with a number of plant species.

Pest categorisation of .

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Coleosporiaceae. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as a harmful organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. is native to North America and is the causal agent of spruce broom rust.

Pest categorisation of .

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Zeller, (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), for the EU. is a well-defined and distinguishable species. It is widely distributed in the USA and has a restricted distribution in Canada and Mexico.

Pest categorisation of .

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the Siberian moth, Tschetverikov (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). is a well-defined and distinguishable species, native to Asian Russia and northern regions of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and North Korea, and recognised as a severe pest of Pinaceae conifers, mainly larch ( spp.), fir ( spp.

Pest categorisation of non-EU spp.

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the non-EU spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). They constitute a well-defined taxon, with non-EU species distributed in the USA, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, China, Japan, Korea, Russia and South Africa, some of which are recognised as severe pests of conifers, mainly spp.

Regional Spatial-Temporal Spread of Citrus Huanglongbing Is Affected by Rain in Florida.

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las), disseminated by Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), has devastated citrus in Florida since 2005. Data on HLB occurrence were stored in databases (2005 to 2012). Cumulative HLB-positive citrus blocks were subjected to kernel density analysis and kriging.

Pest categorisation of and .

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of and , two well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogens are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, under the previous name for both species) as a harmful organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. The two pathogens are native to North America, where causes laminated root rot primarily in Douglas fir () and grand fir (), while causes cedar laminated root and butt rot mainly in cedars ( and ).

Pest categorisation of spp.

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of nematodes belonging to the genus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Twenty-nine species in this genus have been considered of which five species are present in the EU (, , , and ). The whole genus except is regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI).

Pest categorisation of .

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of , the fungal agent of anthracnose and ramulosis diseases of cotton, for the EU. The identity of the pest is well established and reliable methods exist for its detection/identification. The pest is present in most of the cotton-growing areas worldwide, including Bulgaria and Romania in the EU.