Key stakeholder's attitudes towards the professional accountabilities and responsibilities of newly qualified Pharmacist Independent Prescribers (IPs) in England and enablers to implementation at scale?

Background: Independent prescribing is set to expand amongst community pharmacists in England in the next few years. This study aims to explore the different accountabilities and responsibilities associated with independent prescribing compared to more traditional pharmacist roles.

Objective: To inform commissioning frameworks that will allow independent prescribing by community pharmacists to be commissioned safely and appropriately at scale.

A literature-based economic evaluation of healthcare preventable adverse events in Europe.

Purpose: To establish from the literature, cost of preventable adverse events (PAEs) to member states of the Joint Action European Union Network for Patient Safety and Quality of Care.

Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL for studies in Europe estimating cost of adverse events (AEs) and PAEs (2000-March 2016). Using data from the literature, we estimated PAE costs based on national 2013 total health expenditure (THE) data reported by World Health Organization and converted to 2015 Euros.

Patient safety's missing link: using clinical expertise to recognize, respond to and reduce risks at a population level.

Introduction: Although incident reporting systems are widespread in health care as a strategy to reduce harm to patients, the focus has been on reporting incidents rather than responding to them. Systems containing large numbers of incidents are uniquely placed to raise awareness of, and then characterize and respond to infrequent, but significant risks. The aim of this paper is to outline a framework for the surveillance of such risks, their systematic analysis, and for the development and dissemination of population-based preventive and corrective strategies using clinical and human factors expertise.

A review of medication incidents reported to the National Reporting and Learning System in England and Wales over 6 years (2005-2010).

A review of all medication incidents reported to the National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS) in England in Wales between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2010 was undertaken. The 526,186 medication incident reports represented 9.68% of all patient safety incidents.

A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults.

In two experiments, the authors explored the minimum preview duration required by younger and older adults to demonstrate a preview benefit. Both experiments used the same range of five preview durations (371 to 586 ms) to discover the minimum critical preview duration required by younger (Experiment 1) and older (Experiment 2) adults. Experiment 1 revealed that a 414-ms preview was sufficient for younger adults to demonstrate a preview effect, which replicated earlier studies.