Early adulthood psychiatric diagnoses and the subsequent risk of life-time incarceration: a cohort study.

Background: The association between incarceration and psychiatric disorders has been noted. Yet, existing studies are cross-sectional or examine the risk of recidivism, which has limited the predictive validity of psychiatric disorders as a risk factor for incarceration. To overcome this limitation, this study used a prospective cohort to examine whether psychiatric diagnoses in early adulthood predicted incarceration throughout a 30-year follow-up.

Secondary Traumatization in Vietnam Veterans' Families.

This research focused on secondary traumatization of wives and offspring of 115 male Vietnam veterans, a subsample from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study who had one or more children aged 6 to 16 years and had had a clinical interview. Traumatization was defined as meeting criteria for lifetime war-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Secondary traumatization was operationalized by elevated scores on children's internalizing or externalizing behavior problems and on wives' demoralization.

The association between negative symptoms, psychotic experiences and later schizophrenia: a population-based longitudinal study.

Background: Psychotic experiences are common in the general population, and predict later psychotic illness. Much less is known about negative symptoms in the general population.

Method: This study utilized a sample of 4,914 Israel-born individuals aged 25-34 years who were screened for psychopathology in the 1980's.

THE ROLES OF COMBAT EXPOSURE, PERSONAL VULNERABILITY, AND INVOLVEMENT IN HARM TO CIVILIANS OR PRISONERS IN VIETNAM WAR-RELATED POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER.

The diagnosis, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, was introduced in 1980 amidst debate about the psychiatric toll of the Vietnam War. There is controversy, however, about its central assumption that potentially traumatic stressors are more important than personal vulnerability in causing the disorder. We tested this assumption with data from a rigorously diagnosed male subsample (n = 260) from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study.

The stressor criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder: does it matter?

Objective: The definition of the stressor criterion (DSM criterion A1) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is hotly debated with major revisions being considered for DSM-5. We examine whether symptoms, course, and consequences of PTSD vary predictably with the type of stressful event that precipitates symptoms.

Method: We used data from the 2009 PTSD diagnostic subsample (N = 3,013) of women from the Nurses' Health Study II.

Do psychiatric registries include all persons with schizophrenia in the general population? A population-based longitudinal study.

Background: Psychiatric hospitalization registries are utilized to investigate the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia for both research and administrative purposes. The assumption behind this is that most individuals with schizophrenia will be hospitalized at least once in their life-time.

Method: In an epidemiological survey conducted in the 1980s, a population-based sample (n = 4914) of Israel-born individuals then aged 25-34 were screened in the community, and 29 (0.

Self-reported attenuated psychotic symptoms as forerunners of severe mental disorders later in life.

Context: It has been suggested that attenuated psychotic symptoms (APSs) reported by people who do not have psychotic disorders signal risk for later severe mental illness.

Objective: To investigate this suggestion using follow-up assessments of hospitalization for clinical diagnoses of nonaffective psychotic and other psychiatric disorders.

Design: Longitudinal cohort study of self-reported APSs with outcome assessment of severe mental illness obtained through linkage with a national hospitalization case registry.

War-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Black, Hispanic, and majority White Vietnam veterans: the roles of exposure and vulnerability.

Elevated prevalence rates of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been reported for Black and Hispanic Vietnam veterans. There has been no comprehensive explanation of these group differences. Moreover, previous research has relied on retrospective reports of war-zone stress and on PTSD assessments that fail to distinguish between prevalence and incidence.

Elevated rates of current PTSD among Hispanic veterans in the NVVRS: true prevalence or methodological artifact?

The elevated rate of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Hispanic Vietnam veterans has been attributed to culturally based expressiveness that inflates symptom self-reports. To investigate this possibility, the authors conducted three hypothesis-driven analyses with National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) data from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-) diagnosed subsample of male Vietnam Theater veterans (N = 260). First, persistence of the Hispanic elevation after adjusting for war-zone stress exposure initially suggested the effect of greater expressiveness.

Distribution of traumatic and other stressful life events by race/ethnicity, gender, SES and age: a review of the research.

Much research has shown that reports of stressful life events are related to a wide variety of psychiatric and physical health outcomes. Relatively little research exists, however, on the distribution of the events according to gender, age, racial/ethnic background, and socioeconomic status (SES). Such information would help identify groups at greatest risk for further investigation.

Circumstances of service and gender differences in war-related PTSD: findings from the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study.

Data from the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study (NVVRS) revealed a prevalence of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in female Vietnam Theater veterans half the size of the prevalence in their male counterparts. This stands in contrast to the elevated prevalence of PTSD in women obtained in general population surveys. This study undertakes further analyses of gender differences in the NVVRS and how these differences might be specified by the amount and type of exposure to war-zone stress.

Continuing controversy over the psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans.

In 1988, the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) reported 30.9% lifetime and 15.2% current rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a strong dose/response relationship with retrospective reports of combat exposure.

The psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans: a revisit with new data and methods.

In 1988, the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) of a representative sample of 1200 veterans estimated that 30.9% had developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during their lifetimes and that 15.2% were currently suffering from PTSD.

Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.

An explosion of research on life events has occurred since the publication of the Holmes and Rahe checklist in 1967. Despite criticism, especially of their use in research on psychopathology, such economical inventories have remained dominant. Most of the problems of reliability and validity with traditional inventories can be traced to the intracategory variability of actual events reported in their broad checklist categories.

Symptom patterns associated with chronic PTSD in male veterans: new findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study.

A subsample of 255 male Vietnam veterans from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study received in-depth psychiatric diagnostic interviews. This paper focuses on the 88 veterans with a war-related onset of PTSD. Among these veterans, the avoidance cluster, especially its symptoms of numbing, was most strongly associated with chronic PTSD; less strongly but also significantly associated was the hyperarousal cluster.

Positive tertiary appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. male veterans of the war in Vietnam: the roles of positive affirmation, positive reformulation, and defensive denial.

A 70.9% majority of the U.S.

Myofascial face pain: seasonal variability in pain intensity and demoralization.

Seasonal variability has been detected in a variety of illnesses. The purpose of this study is to examine seasonal variability in pain intensity, demoralization and range of mandibular motion among patients suffering from myofascial face pain. Pain and demoralization for cases (n = 140) and demoralization for controls (n = 133) were measured in each of 10 monthly interviews.

Illness and injury among children of temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS) patients.

This paper examines findings on illnesses and injuries among patients suffering from temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS). Data from the longitudinal component of a case-control study of 151 TMPDS patients and 139 healthy controls were examined, focusing especially on the 31 cases and 41 controls with children. Patients are significantly more likely to report illnesses but not injuries among their children across 10 monthly interviews.

Candidate risk factors for temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome: psychosocial, health behavior, physical illness and injury.

The purpose of this paper is to identify potential risk factors for the temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS). The investigation focuses on the relations of TMPDS to personal, social and recent experiential factors, especially health behaviors and physical illnesses and injuries, that contribute to life stress. The data come from a retrospective case-control study of 151 TMPDS patients and 139 healthy controls.