Single-incision multiport laparoendoscopic (SIMPLE) surgery: early evaluation of SIMPLE cholecystectomy in a community setting.

Background: Conventional Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) is a safe, established procedure for gallbladder disease. This is usually performed through three to four small incisions. Although postoperative pain is minimal, there still exists some discomfort from multiple incisions.

Total extraperitoneal preperitoneal laparoscopic hernia repair using spinal anesthesia.

Background: Laparoscopic herniorrhaphy is a well-debated approach to inguinal hernia repair. Multiple technical and outcome variables have been compared with those of traditional open inguinal hernia repairs. One of these variables is the choice of anesthesia.