Topography of projections to the frontal lobe from the macaque frontal eye fields.

Efferents from the frontal eye fields (FEF) to the ipsilateral frontal lobe were studied by autoradiography of tritiated tracers (leucine, proline, and fucose) in seven macaque monkeys that were used previously to describe subcortical connections. In four of the cases, tracer injection sites were confirmed by low thresholds for the electrical elicitation of saccadic eye movements. Cases were grouped as lFEF of sFEF cases according to large or small saccades that were characteristic of the injection site.

Sequence analysis of the gp120 region of the env gene of Ugandan human immunodeficiency proviruses from a single individual.

DNA sequences encoding the surface glycoprotein gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from a Ugandan AIDS patient. The PCR-amplified DNA was cloned into a phagemid vector and nine clones sequenced. The gp120 sequences of the proviruses were similar to that of the Zairian isolate HIV-JY1 and unlike that of another Ugandan provirus, U455.

Dorsolateral prefrontal lesions and oculomotor delayed-response performance: evidence for mnemonic "scotomas".

The spatial memory functions of the monkey's prefrontal cortex were examined with oculomotor delayed-response (ODR) paradigms that required the animal to remember the spatial location of peripheral visual cues, while maintaining fixation on a central visual target during the presentation of each cue and during a subsequent 1.5-8 sec delay period. Four rhesus monkeys received unilateral or serial prefrontal lesions in and around the principal sulcus after they reached criterion performance on the ODR tasks.

Effect of eye position within the orbit on electrically elicited saccadic eye movements: a comparison of the macaque monkey's frontal and supplementary eye fields.

1. We quantitatively compared the effects of eye position within the orbit on saccadic eye movements electrically elicited from two oculomotor areas of the macaque monkey's frontal lobe cortex: the frontal eye field (FEF) and the supplementary eye field (SEF). 2.

Smooth eye movements elicited by microstimulation in the primate frontal eye field.

1. We electrically stimulated the macaque monkey's frontal eye field (FEF) region to localize and to analyze the smooth pursuit eye movement representation. Rhesus monkeys were trained to fixate stationary spots of light, and trains of stimulation (usually 250-500 ms at 10-100 microA) were applied while the fixation targets remained lit and stationary.

Use of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of picornavirus infection in subjects with and without respiratory symptoms.

Rhinoviruses and enteroviruses are the major members of the picornavirus genus that cause human disease. We compared the polymerase chain reaction and viral culture for the identification of picornaviruses in nasal aspirates from children during episodes of respiratory symptoms and when asymptomatic and from asymptomatic adults. One hundred eight children, aged 9 to 11 years, completed a year-long study.

Cord insulin and C-peptide--distribution in an unselected population.

Objective: To assess the distribution of cord blood insulin in an unselected population, and examine its relation to birthweight centiles.

Setting: District General Hospital in Nottinghamshire.

Subjects: 209 unselected singleton births.

Financial concepts in home healthcare.

Nurse executives of home health agencies do not need accounting degrees to direct quality care programs, but do need to understand financial concepts that will enable an intelligent dialogue with the agency administrator or chief financial officer. The author discusses basic financial management and how the nurse executive of a small home health agency successfully turned it into one of the largest home care agencies in Illinois.

Evidence that the insulin resistance of pregnancy may not involve a post-receptor defect in human adipocytes.

Insulin binding and the capacity of insulin to stimulate the conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and lipid, and to activate the protein tyrosine kinase associated with the insulin receptor have been investigated in adipocytes isolated from pregnant and non-pregnant women. Insulin binding and the conversion of glucose to lipid were the same for both groups. However, conversion of glucose to CO2 was higher in the non-pregnant group due to an elevated basal activity, and the increase produced by insulin was similar in both groups.

Quantifying the pattern of beta/A4 amyloid protein distribution in Alzheimer's disease by image analysis.

We have undertaken a study of the distribution of the beta/A4 amyloid deposited in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies which have examined the differential distribution of amyloid in the cortex in order to determine the laminar pattern of cortical pathology have not proved to be conclusive. We have developed an alternative method for the solution of this problem.

Localization of diphtheria toxin nuclease activity to fragment A.

We describe a series of experiments that aimed to establish whether nuclease activity is actually associated with diphtheria toxin (DTx) and its A subunit (DTA), as we originally reported (M. P. Chang, R.

Comparative biochemical, morphological, and immunocytochemical studies between C-6 glial cells of early and late passages and advanced passages of glial cells derived from aged mouse cerebral hemispheres.

We have used C6 glial cells (2B clone), early and late passage, as well as advanced passages (8-17) of glial cells derived from aged (18-month-old) mouse cerebral hemispheres (MACH), as model systems for studying glial properties. In this study passages 20-24 were considered "early" and passages 73-90 were considered "late." Activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase (CNP) were used as biochemical markers for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, respectively.

The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System: design, questionnaire, data collection and response rates. PRAMS Working Group.

The birth certificate, the primary tool for population-based surveillance of the condition of infants at birth and maternal status during pregnancy, provides little data about maternal behaviour during pregnancy. To collect data on maternal behaviours that influence pregnancy outcome, we implemented the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System in seven states. For this population-based surveillance, new mothers were sampled from birth certificates 2 to 6 months after delivery and contacted by mail; follow-up of nonrespondents was by telephone.

Neuronal activity related to saccadic eye movements in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

1. Single-neuron activity was recorded from the prefrontal cortex of monkeys performing saccadic eye movements in oculomotor delayed-response (ODR) and visually guided saccade (VGS) tasks. In the ODR task the monkey was required to maintain fixation of a central spot throughout the 0.

Histochemistry and ultrastructure of the metacercarial cysts of blackspot trematodes Uvulifer ambloplitis and Neascus pyriformis.

Cysts of Uvulifer ambloplitis from green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, and Neascus pyriformis from red shiners, Notropis lutrensis, were studied with light-level histochemistry and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cysts of both species are bilayered, consisting of an outer host capsule and an inner parasite cyst; the space between these layers is filled with a viscous material. The outer portion of the host capsule of both species is composed of fibrocytes, melanin granules, and collagen fibrils, and the inner portion of layers of flattened fibrocytes.

Trans-spectral absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by diesel soot.

The mass density normalized absorption and total scattering coefficients have been measured using in situ techniques at selected wavelengths from the visible to approximately 1 cm for soot generated by the open combustion of diesel fuel. Particle morphologies are complex although similar to those of soots of other hydrocarbons and methods of generation. An ellipsoidal model has been applied as an approximation to the often multiconnected, chainlike aerosol and then compared with the measured results.

Platelet-activating factor increases glutamine synthetase activity in early and late passage C-6 glioma cells.

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that C-6 rat glioma cells (2B clone) exhibit specific phenotypic characteristics depending on passage in culture and that these populations respond differentially to addition of various exogenous compounds to the medium. Early passage (less than 25) C-6 glial cells express low glutamine synthetase activity (a marker for astrocytes) and with increasing cell passage (greater than 70) C-6 glial cells express more astrocytic properties with respect to both glutamine synthetase (GS) and morphology. In this study, cells from both early (glioblastic) and late (astrocytic) passage were examined for their response to the phospholipid, platelet-activating factor (PAF).

Smooth-pursuit eye movement representation in the primate frontal eye field.

Physiological and behavioral data reported here show an involvement of the primate frontal eye field (FEF) cortex in smooth-pursuit eye movements, in addition to its well-established role in saccadic eye movements. Microstimulation just ventral to the small saccade representation of the FEF elicits eye movements that, in contrast to elicited saccades, have low velocities, continue smoothly without interruption during prolonged stimulation, and are usually directed ipsilaterally to the stimulated hemisphere. Neurons in this region respond in association with smooth-pursuit eye movements and visual motion.

A device to aid in the application of stereotactic headframes: technical note.

It is sometimes difficult to apply the headframes of stereotactic systems in awake patients who are lethargic or demented or in patients who are very sensitive to the discomfort of local anesthetic injection. A device for external stabilization of the stereotactic system during its application to the head is described. This device, a modification of the Somi brace, is easy to apply, allows for adjustment of the base ring in all planes and provides sufficient stability even in obtunded or uncooperative patients.

[Does the Leveen valve still have a place in the treatment of refractory ascites? An evaluation of 107 cases].

One hundred and seven patients have been treated by the peritoneovenous shunt (PVS) : 54 patients from 1979 to 1984 (P1) and 53 patients from 1985 to 1990 (P2). The mean age was 58 years (25-79 years) and 73 % of the patients had a cirrhosis of alcoholic origin. The mortalities at two weeks and one month were 22 % and 26 % for P1 and 6 % and 11 % for P2.

Detection of rhinovirus RNA in nasal epithelial cells by in situ hybridization.

This paper describes the development and evaluation of in situ hybridization (ISH) for the detection of rhinovirus in cells obtained from nasal washings of volunteers infected with human rhinovirus 14 (HRV-14). Twenty-five (66%) and 27 (71%) of 38 volunteers inoculated with HRV-14 had evidence of infection by virus isolation and ISH, respectively, on at least one of 4 days investigated after virus challenge. In contrast, only 14 of 38 (37%) volunteers had significant antibody rises as detected by the neutralization test.

Primate frontal eye fields. III. Maintenance of a spatially accurate saccade signal.

1. We studied the activity of single neurons in the monkey frontal eye fields during oculomotor tasks designed to assess the activity of these neurons when there was a dissonance between the spatial location of a target and its position on the retina. 2.