Bovine tracheal organoids for studying Mycoplasma bovis respiratory infections.

In vitro three-dimensional organoid models simulate key aspects of the structure and function of in vivo organs and have been used to study physiology, host-pathogen interactions, pathogenesis and pharmacodynamics. Although most organoid studies have been developed using human or mouse tissues, recent advancements have enabled the establishment of intestinal and respiratory tract organoids from domestic animal samples. Mycoplasma bovis causes chronic respiratory tract infections in cattle with significant health and economic consequences.

A Global Evaluation of Generic Antimicrobial Prescribing Competencies for Use in Veterinary Curricula.

The European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) developed consensus-based generic competencies in antimicrobial prescribing and stewardship. These may be useful in structuring and evaluating antimicrobial prescribing education to veterinary students, but their applicability has not been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate whether the ESCMID competencies are currently taught and how relevant they are to veterinary prescribing in veterinary schools globally.

A "plus one" strategy impacts replication of felid alphaherpesvirus 1, and and the metabolism of coinfected feline cells.

Coinfections are known to play an important role in disease progression and severity. Coinfections are common in cats, but no coinfection studies have investigated the dynamics between feline viral and bacterial pathogens. In this study, we performed co-culture and invasion assays to investigate the ability of common feline bacterial respiratory pathogens, and , to replicate in and invade into Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells.

Seeking simplicity, navigating complexity: How veterinarians select an antimicrobial drug, dose, and duration for companion animals.

Background: Minimizing harm from antimicrobials requires use of the narrowest spectrum drug, at an effective dose for the minimum effective duration. Many prescribers are not currently following these guidelines. To address suboptimal antimicrobial use, the underlying reasons must be understood.

Adding yeast extract to culture medium enhances replication of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in chicken embryo kidney cells.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an avian coronavirus, can be isolated and cultured in tracheal organ cultures (TOCs), embryonated eggs and cell cultures, the first two of which are commonly used for viral isolation. Previous studies have suggested that foetal bovine serum (FBS) can inhibit coronavirus replication in cell cultures. In this study, the replication of IBV in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cell cultures and the Leghorn hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cell line was assessed using two different cell culture media containing FBS or yeast extract (YE) and two different IBV strains.

Characterisation of the tracheal transcriptional response of chickens to chronic infection with Mycoplasma synoviae.

Mycoplasma synoviae causes infectious synovitis and respiratory tract infections in chickens and is responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Effective attachment and colonisation of the trachea is critical for the persistence of the organism and progression of the disease it causes. The respiratory tract infection is usually sub-clinical, but concurrent infection with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is known to enhance the pathogenicity of M.

Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the novel Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine, Vaxsafe MG304, after spray-vaccination of 1-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry. A novel vaccine, Vaxsafe MG304 (the ts-304 strain), has greater protective efficacy in chickens than the Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) vaccine when delivered by eye drop at 3 weeks of age. Applying this vaccine in the hatchery to 1-day-old birds, using mass administration methods, would improve animal welfare and reduce labour costs associated with handling individual birds.

Unveiling genome plasticity and a novel phage in : Genomic investigations of four feline isolates.

has been isolated from diseased cats and horses, but to date only a single fully assembled genome of this species, of an isolate from a horse, has been characterized. This study aimed to characterize and compare the completely assembled genomes of four clinical isolates of from three domestic cats, assembled with the aid of short- and long-read sequencing methods. The completed genomes encoded a median of 759 ORFs (range 743-777) and had a median average nucleotide identity of 98.

BIOLOGICAL VARIATION OF HEMATOLOGY PARAMETERS AND CLINICAL APPLICATION IN AFRICAN ELEPHANTS ().

Detailed knowledge of biological variation can facilitate accurate interpretation of clinical pathology parameters. A recent biological variation study in Asian elephants () found that hematology parameters had high individuality, which suggests that population-derived reference intervals may be an insensitive diagnostic tool. In elephant medicine, sensitive hematology-related diagnostics are crucial for clinical decision-making, particularly in elephants at risk for elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD).

Transcriptomic analysis of the effects of tylosin on the protective immunity provided by the Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine Vaxsafe MG ts-304.

The antimicrobial tylosin is commonly used to control mycoplasma infections, sometimes in combination with vaccination. However, the efficacy of a live mycoplasma vaccine, when combined with subsequent antimicrobial treatment, against the effects of subsequent infection with a virulent strain is unknown. This study employed differential gene expression analysis to evaluate the effects of tylosin on the protection provided by the live attenuated Vaxsafe MG ts-304 vaccine, which has been shown to be safe and to provide long-term protective immunity against infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Detection and Differentiation of Entomopathogenic Serratia spp. to Inform Reintroduction of the Critically Endangered Lord Howe Island Stick Insect Dryococelus australis.

Once rodents have been successfully eradicated from Lord Howe Island, Australia, the critically endangered Lord Howe Island stick insect (Dryococelus australis (Montrouzier)) may be reintroduced, a century after it was thought to have become extinct. In captive populations of D. australis, elevated mortalities have been associated with bacterial pathogens.

Development of a cross-sectoral antimicrobial resistance capability assessment framework.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent and growing global health concern, and a clear understanding of existing capacities to address AMR, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), is needed to inform national priorities, investment targets and development activities. Across LMICs, there are limited data regarding existing mechanisms to address AMR, including national AMR policies, current infection prevention and antimicrobial prescribing practices, antimicrobial use in animals, and microbiological testing capacity for AMR. Despite the development of numerous individual tools designed to inform policy formulation and implementation or surveillance interventions to address AMR, there is an unmet need for easy-to-use instruments that together provide a detailed overview of AMR policy, practice and capacity.

Pasteurella multocida ST20 is widespread in Australian poultry farms and may infect wild waterbirds.

The bacterial agent that causes fowl cholera, Pasteurella multocida, was isolated from two deceased wild waterbirds in Victoria, Australia, in 2013. Whole genome sequence analysis placed the isolates into ST20, a subtype described in farmed chickens from Queensland, Australia and more recently in feedlot cattle and in pigs across a broader area of the continent. This study also found ST20 between 2009 and 2022 on three chicken farms and two turkey farms located in four Australian states.

Genomic characterization of isolated from a dog bite induced cat wound reveals multiple horizontal gene transfer events and loss of the CRISPR/Cas system.

A domestic short hair cat () suffering from a purulent wound infection resulting from a dog bite was sampled for bacterial culture and isolation as the wound had been unresponsive to prolonged antimicrobial treatment. A mycoplasma was isolated from the wound. Whole genome sequencing of the isolate was performed using short-read Illumina and long-read Oxford Nanopore chemistry, and the organism was identified as .

Phylogenomic analysis of a global collection of ST38: evidence of interspecies and environmental transmission?

Extraintestinal pathogenic (ExPEC) sequence type (ST) 38 is one of the top 10 human pandemic lineages. Although a major cause of urinary tract and blood stream infections, ST38 has been poorly characterized from a global phylogenomic perspective. A comprehensive genome-scale analysis of 925 ST38 isolate genomes identified two broad ancestral clades and linkage of discrete ST38 clusters with specific variants.

Tackling antimicrobial resistance by integrating One Health and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified as a leading threat to global public health. One Health approaches that integrate sectors across human health, animal health, food production and the environment are essential to both addressing the growing threat of AMR and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

Cross-sectional evaluation of a large-scale antimicrobial stewardship trial in Australian companion animal practices.

Background: Antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) are critically important for improving the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary practice.

Methods: One of three ASPs was implemented in 135 Australian general veterinary practices in 2018-2020. The ASP interventions and the perceived impact they had on antimicrobial prescribing were assessed by the veterinarians working in these veterinary practices.

'Brave Enough': A Qualitative Study of Veterinary Decisions to Withhold or Delay Antimicrobial Treatment in Pets.

Veterinarians sometimes prescribe antimicrobials even when they know or suspect that they are unnecessary. The drivers of this behaviour must be understood to design effective antimicrobial stewardship interventions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 veterinarians who treated companion animals in Australia.

Antimicrobial Consumption in the Livestock Sector in Bhutan: Volumes, Values, Rates, and Trends for the Period 2017-2021.

Data on the use of antimicrobials in humans and livestock may provide evidence to guide policy changes to mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, there is limited information available about antimicrobial use in livestock in low- and middle-income countries, even though these nations are most vulnerable to the impact of AMR. This study aimed to assess the consumption of veterinary antimicrobials in Bhutan and identify areas for improvement to reduce the use of antimicrobials in livestock.

Identification of genes influencing the evolution of ST372 in dogs and humans.

ST372 are widely reported as the major sequence type in dogs globally. They are also a sporadic cause of extraintestinal infections in humans. Despite this, it is unknown whether ST372 strains from dogs and humans represent shared or distinct populations.