[Glucocorticoid-resistant forms of endocrine ophthalmopathy].

Endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO; also called Graves' ophthalmopathy, thyroid eye disease) is a common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease, characterized by the presence of autoimmune inflammatory process in the orbital soft tissues. The prevalence of EO is approximately 10 cases per 10.000 population, higher in individuals over 50 years old.

[Epigenetic markers of choroidal melanoma].

Unlabelled: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs (18-25 nucleotides in length) that are important participants in the regulation of gene expression. In 2003, their active role in oncogenesis was demonstrated. In 2008, the first report on the isolation of miRNAs from uveal melanoma (UM) tissue was published.

[Transformation of choroidal nevus into melanoma].

Unlabelled: The risk of choroidal melanoma developing from choroidal nevus (CN) varies in range of 0.78-7%. Absence of a common terminology and distinct diagnostic criteria characterizing small melanoma and unusual CN often complicates treatment choice and patient prognosis.

[Protocol of intravitreal drug delivery. Consensus of the Expert Counsil of Retina and Optic Nerve Diseases of the All-Russian Public Organasation «Association of Ophthalmologists»].

Intravitreal drug administration is a procedure that has become widespread in modern ophthalmology. However, there is no global consensus on certain aspects of this manipulation, and practitioners feel the need for guidelines. In the Russian Federation, until now, such a document was not available.

[Influence of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and NR3C1 genes polymorphism on the effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy].

Unlabelled: For more than 60 years, glucocorticoid therapy has been practically the only method for treating patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy - non-specific autoimmune inflammation of the soft tissues of the orbit. Steroid-resistant forms of this disease are known to exist. The reasons for the formation of glucocorticoid resistance are not fully understood yet.

[Choroidal melanoma and retinal changes].

Unlabelled: Literary sources suggest the existence of a new phenotype - retinoinvasive choroidal melanoma (CM). However, the factual evidence of its spreading over the inner retinal surface cannot be dismissed.

Purpose: To study the capabilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in terms of finding the ways CM spreads into the retina based on pathomorphological examination of the eyes enucleated due to CM.

[Clinical features of malignant orbital lymphoma].

Introduction: The occurrence of malignant lymphoma (ML) among patients with malignant orbital tumors ranges between 10 and 37.3% making early diagnosis clarification crucial for timely treatment.

Purpose: To study clinical features of ML with consideration of its morphological type and localization in the orbit.

[Local treatment of choroidal melanoma: possibilities and limitations].

Local treatment of choroidal melanoma (CM) attracts the attention of many ophthalmology specialists, especially in recent years as the capabilities to target irradiation at small objects and possibilities of surgical interventions on the eyeball have expanded. The article discusses the medical indications for local treatment of CM. Review of literature of the last 16 years and author's own observations on CM patients who underwent almost all kinds of conventional methods of local treatment allowed thorough analysis of indications and counter-indications for their usage.

[Late complications of choroidal melanoma brachytherapy and possibility of their prevention].

Unlabelled: Complications and the frequency of their occurrence as the criteria of eye preservation after brachytherapy (BT) are presented in literature with inconsistencies due to the assessment being done after varied follow-up periods (1 month to 5-10 years). The evaluation of complications occurring after applying radioiodine can be found in literature. The complications after BT beta particle emitting ophthalmic applicators are seldom discussed in articles.

[Diagnostic potential of optical coherence tomography for small choroidal melanomas].

Aim: To investigate the sequence of OCT manifestations in choroidal melanoma (CM) with account to its growth.

Material And Methods: A total of 28 CM patients were examined. Of them, 18 patients with early CM, 10 - with medium-sized CM.

[Precise diagnosis of choroidal hemangioma].

Aim: to determine potential benefits of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for precise diagnosis of choroidal hemangioma (CH).

Material And Methods: A total of 27 patients (22 women, 5 men) with unilateral CH were examined. The age at diagnosis ranged from 30 to 76 years and averaged 53.

[Size-based classification of choroidal melanoma and its role in treatment decision-making].

Aim: To specify indications for brachytherapy (BT) in large choroidal melanoma (CM) so that tumor size and vital prognosis were considered.

Material And Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 161 CM patients who were treated with BT and followed-up at either the Ophthalmological Clinical Hospital or some other Moscow medical facility and also registered by the City Cancer Registry.

Results: Patient age at the time of starting the treatment lied within the range of 17 to 84 years and averaged 56.

[Choroidal nevi: clinical features].

Unlabelled: The prevalence of choroidal nevi (CN) ranges from 1% to 10%. It may be hard to differentiate a small melanoma from an atypical ("malignatized") CN, which occupies an intermediate position between typical nevi and actual melanomas and can be referred to as "progressive" or "suspicious". The risk of malignant transformation of a CN ranges from 0.

[Ophthalmic oncology: achievements over the last two decades].

The article describes current trends in scientific research, especially those that concern treatment of the most common cancers. The latter include malignant eyelid and conjunctiva tumors, retinoblastoma and choroidal melanoma. Relevant publications in Russian and foreign journals demonstrate a progressive advance in treatment approaches: from radical methods associated with surrounding tissue damage to local tumor destruction.

[Peculiarities of tear production in patients with dacryoadenitis].

The influence of chronic adenitis and its surgical treatment on tear production and osmolarity was studied. A long-term follow-up (2-65 months) after lacrimal gland extirpation showed a trend for recovery of both basal and reflex lacrimation. Comparison of complaints and functional and pathohistological results allowed to consider retention cysts as a risk factor for dry eye syndrome in the postoperative period.

[Rationale for distinguishing the lipogenic form of thyroid orbitopathy].

Pathogenesis of lipogenic form of thyroid orbitopathy (TO) is presented. 172 patients with TO are presented, among them 47 males (93 orbits) and 125 females (250 orbits). Features of clinical manifestations of lipogenic form of TO are described.

[Radio-induced maculopathy].

Macula was examined using fundus photo and OCT in 115 patients with choroidal melanoma located distant from macula before and after brachytherapy. Macular changes were revealed in 24,35% of irradiated eyes. Nevertheless primary radiation-induced maculopathy after ruthenium plaque radiotherapy occurred in 9,59% only.

[Choroidal melanoma and maculopathy].

Distant macular changes were revealed in 21 of 28 patients with intraocular melanoma. In 13 eyes maculopathy was very distant from choroidal melanoma (CM), in 4 cases the tumor was located preequatorially and in 9 patients in the posterior fundus beyond the macular zone. In 8 patients bilateral AMD was found along with CM.

[Method of implant insertion in anophthalmic socket].

The method of extraocular muscles fixation is presented, it consist in direct fixation to alloplant according to their physiological attachment to ensure stump movement after enucleation. A total of 54 patients aged 26-82 years were treated. Primary enucleation was performed in 46 patients and 8 patients were previously treated with brachytherapy.

[Is differential diagnosis between soft tissue paraneural lesions and optic nerve tumors using computer tomography possible?].

The results of computer tomogram images analysis of 32 patients (32 orbits) with soft tissue orbital tumors are presented. 22 patients appeared to have cavernous hemangioma, 10--optic nerve meningioma. The technique of three dimensional reconstruction of orbital soft tissue is described and its diagnostic value in patients with cavernous hemangioma and optic nerve meningioma is analyzed.

[Optimization of indications for transpupillary thermotherapy for choroidal melanomas].

The paper analyzes recent literature and the authors' experience in treating choroidal melanoma with transpupillary thermotherapy. Analysis of the results of treatment in 30 patients shows the efficiency of the technique only the tumor is less than 2 mm thick. When the latter is larger, transpupillary thermotherapy may be used only in combination with brachytherapy.

[Complications of transpupillary thermotherapy for choroidal melanomas and possibilities for their prevention].

The authors analyze cases of complications occurring in patients with choroidal melanoma after transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) (72 cases). The frequency of complications (31.94%) is consistent with those given in the literature (22-32%).

[Live xenogenic vaccine in the prevention of metastases of uveal melanoma].

By the results of experimental studies and by being guided by Protocol No. 22 dated January 22, 2004, by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the authors have conducted clinical trials of biotherapy used in oncological care. They describe the first experience in using xenovaccination in 35 patients with uveal melanoma to prevent hematogenic metastases.

[Procedure for calculating the volume of the osseous orbit from the data of computed tomography].

The paper describes a simplified calculation procedure for the volume of the osseous orbit. The use of correction factors allowed the authors to show the appropriateness of calculation of the volume of the osseous orbit from 4-6 fragments instead of 45-55 ones, as had been accepted. The presented volume characteristics of the orbit may be used in the differential diagnosis of false and true exophthalmos and in the planning of orbital operations.