The genome formula of a multipartite virus is regulated both at the individual segment and the segment group levels.

Differential accumulation of the distinct genome segments is a common feature of viruses with segmented genomes. The reproducible and specific pattern of genome segment accumulation within the host is referred to as the "genome formula". There is speculation and some experimental support for a functional role of the genome formula by modulating gene expression through copy number variations.

Plant neighbour-modulated susceptibility to pathogens in intraspecific mixtures.

As part of a trend towards diversifying cultivated areas, varietal mixtures are subject to renewed interest as a means to manage diseases. Besides the epidemiological effects of varietal mixtures on pathogen propagation, little is known about the effect of intraspecific plant-plant interactions and their impact on responses to disease. In this study, genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa) or durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) were grown with different conspecific neighbours and manually inoculated under conditions preventing pathogen propagation.

Hazard identification, classification, and risk assessment of carcinogens: too much or too little? - Report of an ECETOC workshop.

The European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) organized a workshop "" to explore the scientific limitations of the current binary carcinogenicity classification scheme that classifies substances as either carcinogenic or not. Classification is often based upon the rodent 2-year bioassay, which has scientific limitations and is not necessary to predict whether substances are likely human carcinogens. By contrast, tiered testing strategies founded on new approach methodologies (NAMs) followed by subchronic toxicity testing, as necessary, are useful to determine if a substance is likely carcinogenic, by which mode-of-action effects would occur and, for non-genotoxic carcinogens, the dose levels below which the key events leading to carcinogenicity are not affected.

Onset or exacerbation of cutaneous psoriasis during TNFalpha antagonist therapy.

Unlabelled: The widespread use of TNFalpha antagonists in recent years has led to the recognition of paradoxical adverse effects, defined as the onset or exacerbation of disorders that are usually improved by TNFalpha antagonists. Cutaneous psoriasis is an example, of which several cases have been reported.

Objective: To identify cases of psoriasis onset or exacerbation during TNFalpha antagonist therapy and to look for potential predictive factors.

[Infectious osteoarthritis due to Propionibacterium acnes. Two new cases].

Introduction: Propionibacterium acnes is an anaerobic germ, usually found as a saprophyte of the skin and the mucosa. It may be responsible for iatrogenic or spontaneous osteoarhritis.

Exegesis: We report two new cases of septic arthritis induced by P.

[Limitations of the protein profile for diagnostic orientation in initial internal medicine consultation. Prospective study on 76 patients].

Determination of the protein profile of orientation (PPO) is now considered by some authors as a means of improving the diagnosis in internal medicine. The feasibility of systematizing this practice was investigated in 76 outpatients (79 included, three excluded secondarily) seen for pathology of undetermined diagnosis. The 79 patients (mean age: 52 years) underwent the classical biological explorations plus PPO.

[Bilateral traumatic rupture of the renal arteries. Emergency repair. Long-term course].

The authors present the case of a patient undergoing late surgery following bilateral trauma of the renal hilum. Despite revascularization and a certain urine output the patient remains on hemodialysis. A highly pragmatic study of the literature follows the clinical presentation.

[Anterior thoracic and intervertebral erosive joint diseases associated with palmoplantar pustulosis].

The authors report three cases of palmo-plantar pustulosis associated with articular signs: erosive arthritis of the right first sternocostal joint in 2 cases (without hypertrophy of the clavicle or the sternum) and atlanto-occipital arthropathy with marked neck stiffness in another case. The HLA phenotype of one case was: A2 - A9 - B14 - X - DR3 - DR4. A surgical sterno-costal biopsy revealed non-specific inflammatory lesions in 2 cases.

[Study of blood T-lymphocyte subpopulations in ankylosing spondylarthritis using monoclonal antibodies].

Blood T lymphocyte subpopulations were studied by using various monoclonal antibodies in 20 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and in 20 age and sex matched controls. A significant decrease in OKT4 (p less than 0.04) and OKT8 (p less than 0.

[Serological profile in so-called seronegative rheumatoid arthritis].

89 cases of sero-negative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were compared to 127 cases of sero-positive RA. Anti-perinuclear and anti-keratin antibodies were detected less frequently in the first group (51 vs 67% and 28 vs 33%, respectively), while the inverse was found for anti-nuclear antibodies (28 vs 24%). "Light" rheumatoid factors (RF)--IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA and IgD--were detected in 23.

Salmonella-infected subdural haematoma.

Post-traumatic chronic subdural haematoma infected by Salmonella sandiego is reported in a 55-year-old alcoholic man. Treatment involved a four-weeks' course of chloramphenicol and also subdural drainage. The patient ultimately recovered.

[Rheumatic manifestations in the presence of antibodies to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Apropos of 4 cases].

Rheumatic manifestations due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are apparently rare. We report four personal observations, including one of a patient with Reiter disease and significant titres of antibodies to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. In all four patients a non-specific syndrome, with fever and digestive symptoms, preceded the onset of joint disease.

[Spontaneous peritonitis in a cirrhotic patient (author's transl)].

A case of spontaneous peritonitis in a cirrhotic patient is reported. Because of marked peritoneal and hemodynamic signs, exploratory laparotomy was decided on. Such cases of spontaneous peritonitis, which mimick surgical affections, are very uncommon.