Regional Variations in the Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis of Surgical Excision and Endovascular Embolization.

Introduction: Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) represent a complex neurosurgical challenge with management strategies that vary significantly across regions. The decision to treat unruptured AVMs, in particular, is controversial, with options ranging from conservative management to surgical excision or endovascular embolization. This study investigates regional variations in treating unruptured and ruptured AVMs in the United States.

Impact of mineral and non-mineral sources of iron and sulfur on the metalloproteome of .

Methanogens often inhabit sulfidic environments that favor the precipitation of transition metals such as iron (Fe) as metal sulfides, including mackinawite (FeS) and pyrite (FeS). These metal sulfides have historically been considered biologically unavailable. Nonetheless, methanogens are commonly cultivated with sulfide (HS) as a sulfur source, a condition that would be expected to favor metal precipitation and thus limit metal availability.