Is the relative value of surgeon effort equal across surgical specialties?

Background: Although relative value units are used to measure physician productivity, research has demonstrated incongruencies between relative value units and actual surgeon work effort. We sought to determine whether this variation extends across surgical specialties.

Methods: A retrospective review of surgical cases was conducted using the 2017 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

Elder Abuse Identification in the Prehospital Setting: An Examination of State Emergency Medical Services Protocols.

Objectives: To describe statewide emergency medical service (EMS) protocols relating to identification, management, and reporting of elder abuse in the prehospital setting.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis.

Setting: Statewide EMS protocols in the United States.