When is pre-operative imaging required for craniofacial dermoid cysts/sinuses? A review.

Objectives: Dermoid cysts/sinuses (DCS) are congenital masses occurring along lines of embryonic fusion. Midline DCS carry a risk of intracranial extension. Pre-operative computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the primary imaging modalities used and based on the results, the need to involve a neurosurgical team in the resection is determined.

Mucoepidermoid Carcinomas of the Larynx.

Objectives: Discussions regarding the specific management and outcomes for laryngeal MEC are limited to very small, single-institution case series. To look further into the diagnosis and management of these uncommon non-squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx, we present 3 recent cases of laryngeal MEC treated at our institution.

Methods: Patients at a tertiary hospital treated for MEC between October 2019 and December 2020 were retrospectively identified.

Radiologic imaging shows variable accuracy in diagnosing orbital inflammatory disease and assessing its activity.

Radiologic orbital imaging provides important information in the diagnosis and management of orbital inflammation. However, the diagnostic value of orbital imaging is not well elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of orbital imaging to diagnose orbital inflammatory diseases and its ability to detect active inflammation.

Non-specific orbital inflammation: Current understanding and unmet needs.

Non-specific orbital inflammation (NSOI) is a noninfectious inflammatory condition of the orbit. Although it is generally considered the most common diagnosis derived from an orbital biopsy, it is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that the diagnosis requires exclusion of a systemic process or another identifiable etiology of orbital inflammation. The clinical diagnosis of NSOI is ill-defined, but it is typically characterized by acute orbital signs and symptoms, including pain, proptosis, periorbital edema, chemosis, diplopia, and less commonly visual disturbance.

Stapes Surgery Outcomes in Patients With Concurrent Otosclerosis and Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence.

Objective: To review outcomes of stapes surgery in patients with concurrent otosclerosis and superior semicircular canal dehiscence.

Study Design: Retrospective case series.

Setting: Tertiary referral center.

Thyroid cartilage compression causing stroke.

We describe the diagnostic workup and surgical treatment of a patient presenting with the unique case of vertebral artery (VA) occlusion subsequent to head flexion leading to compression of an aberrant VA by the ipsilateral superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. Imaging revealed ischemic infarcts as well as the presence of an aberrant right VA, which was compressed by the ipsilateral superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage upon neck flexion. The patient was managed with laryngoplasty involving removal of the right superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage.

A prospective in silico analysis of interdisciplinary and interobserver spatial variability in post-operative target delineation of high-risk oral cavity cancers: Does physician specialty matter?

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the interdisciplinary agreement in identifying the post-operative tumor bed.

Methods: Three radiation oncologists (ROs), four surgeons, and three radiologists segmented post-operative tumor and nodal beds for three patients with oral cavity cancer. Specialty cohort composite contours were created by STAPLE algorithm implementation results for interspecialty comparison.

Neurovascular Unit: Basic and Clinical Imaging with Emphasis on Advantages of Ferumoxytol.

Physiological and pathological processes that increase or decrease the central nervous system's need for nutrients and oxygen via changes in local blood supply act primarily at the level of the neurovascular unit (NVU). The NVU consists of endothelial cells, associated blood-brain barrier tight junctions, basal lamina, pericytes, and parenchymal cells, including astrocytes, neurons, and interneurons. Knowledge of the NVU is essential for interpretation of central nervous system physiology and pathology as revealed by conventional and advanced imaging techniques.

Current and potential imaging applications of ferumoxytol for magnetic resonance imaging.

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is a commonly used diagnostic tool. Compared with standard gadolinium-based contrast agents, ferumoxytol (Feraheme, AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA), used as an alternative contrast medium, is feasible in patients with impaired renal function. Other attractive imaging features of i.

Predictors of extracapsular extension in HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer treated surgically.

Objectives: Extracapsular extension (ECE) in cervical metastatic lymph nodes remains an indication for adding chemotherapy for patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The aim of this study is to identify specific imaging characteristics on computed tomography (CT) scan that are predictive of ECE in order to better risk stratify patients preoperatively.

Materials And Methods: A single cohort study was performed using a prospectively collected database of patients with HPV-related OPSCC who underwent transoral robotic surgery with cervical lymphadenectomy.

Misleading early blood volume changes obtained using ferumoxytol-based magnetic resonance imaging perfusion in high grade glial neoplasms treated with bevacizumab.

Background: Neovascularization, a distinguishing trait of high-grade glioma, is a target for anti-angiogenic treatment with bevacizumab (BEV). This study sought to use ferumoxytol-based dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to clarify perfusion and relative blood volume (rCBV) changes in glioma treated with BEV and to determine potential impact on clinical management.

Methods: 16 high grade glioma patients who received BEV following post-chemoradiation radiographic or clinical progression were included.

Ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI differentiation of meningioma from dural metastases: a pilot study with immunohistochemical observations.

Malignant dural neoplasms are not reliably distinguished from benign dural neoplasms with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI enhancement in central nervous system (CNS) diseases imaged with ferumoxytol has been attributed to intracellular uptake in macrophages rather than vascular leakage. We compared imaging to histopathology and immunohistochemistry in meningiomas and dural metastases having ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI (FeMRI) and gadolinium-enhanced MRI (GdMRI) in order to correlate enhancement patterns to macrophage presence and vascular state.

Microbial DNA testing for inflammatory diseases of the brain of uncertain etiology.

Neurologists may be confronted with patients who present with inflammatory brain lesions where the diagnosis cannot be made through history and physical examination alone. Molecular testing for bacterial infections, tuberculosis, and fungal infections may aid in the diagnosis. Since the treatments for these disorders are different and delays can result in permanent neurologic disability and death, rapid and accurate diagnoses are critical.

Evaluation of pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma multiforme using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with ferumoxytol calls RANO criteria into question.

Background: Diagnosis of pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is limited by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria to 3 months after chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Frequency of pseudoprogression occurring beyond this time limit was determined. Survival comparison was made between pseudoprogression and true progression patients as determined by using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging with ferumoxytol (p-MRI-Fe).

Feasibility and potential role of ferumoxytol-enhanced neuroimaging in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.

We assessed ferumoxytol-enhanced brain MRI to identify monocyte/macrophage accumulation in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Four HIV-infected subjects with undetectable HIV RNA levels on antiretroviral therapy, HIV DNA level in CD14+ cells ≥10 copies/10(6) cells, and cognitive impairment underwent ferumoxytol-enhanced brain MRI. On post-ferumoxytol susceptibility-weighted images, all HIV-infected subjects demonstrated a diffuse "tram track" appearance in the perivascular regions of cortical and deep white matter vessels suggesting ferumoxytol uptake in monocytes/macrophages.

Using iron oxide nanoparticles to diagnose CNS inflammatory diseases and PCNSL.

Objective: The study goal was to assess the benefits and potential limitations in the use of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles in the MRI diagnosis of CNS inflammatory diseases and primary CNS lymphoma.

Methods: Twenty patients with presumptive or known CNS lesions underwent MRI study. Eighteen patients received both gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) and 1 of 2 USPIO contrast agents (ferumoxytol and ferumoxtran-10) 24 hours apart, which allowed direct comparative analysis.

Prevalence of brain magnetic resonance imaging meeting Barkhof and McDonald criteria for dissemination in space among headache patients.

Background: Incidental T2 white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in headache patients on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may prompt concern for demyelinating disease.

Objective: We reviewed brain MRI studies in patients with headaches without known demyelinating disease to determine the prevalence meeting imaging criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) using two different definitions of "juxtacortical" and "periventricular".

Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing pre- and post-contrast MRI for headaches over a 25-month period were retrospectively identified.

Pseudoprogression of glioblastoma after chemo- and radiation therapy: diagnosis by using dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging with ferumoxytol versus gadoteridol and correlation with survival.

Purpose: To compare gadoteridol and ferumoxytol for measurement of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) who showed progressive disease at conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging after chemo- and radiation therapy (hereafter, chemoradiotherapy) and to correlate rCBV with survival.

Materials And Methods: Informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment in one of four institutional review board-approved protocols. Contrast agent leakage maps and rCBV were derived from perfusion MR imaging with gadoteridol and ferumoxytol in 19 patients with apparently progressive GBM on conventional MR images after chemoradiotherapy.