A novel thermoregulatory role for PDE10A in mouse and human adipocytes.

Phosphodiesterase type 10A (PDE10A) is highly enriched in striatum and is under evaluation as a drug target for several psychiatric/neurodegenerative diseases. Preclinical studies implicate PDE10A in the regulation of energy homeostasis, but the mechanisms remain unclear. By utilizing small-animal PET/MRI and the novel radioligand [(18)F]-AQ28A, we found marked levels of PDE10A in interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice.

Differential effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on brown and beige adipose tissue thermogenesis.

Background: There are numerous reports of increased energy expenditure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in humans and rodent models but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study we assessed at the gene expression level whether RYGB leads to recruitment of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and/or beige adipose tissue (BeAT) as a means of enhanced facultative thermogenesis and increased energy expenditure after surgery.

Methods: Diet-induced obese male Wistar rats were randomized into RYGB-operated (n=10), sham-operated ad libitum fed (Sham) (n=7) or sham-operated body weight matched (BWM) to RYGB groups (n=7).

[Atypical symptoms in spinal tumors--peripheral and pseudoperipheral symptoms (author's transl)].

Sciatic symptoms and positive sciatic findings may represent a leading, but at the same time missleading symptom of a spinal tumor in every possible level for months and years ahead. The study of literature--so far scarcely taken notice of in German speaking Countries--as well as own observations lead to an organisation or array of the atypical symptoms, i.e.

[Disease of the aortic arch and its branches from clinical neurological aspect (author's transl)].

The various disease of the aortic arch and its branches are dealt with and the individual parts of the diagnostic equipment critically examined from the point of view of the clinical neurologist. Peculiarities of differential diagnosis and questions of risk are presented and discussed. Possibly misleading vascular sounds were found in an angioma in the occipital region.

Intention myoclonus of multiple sclerosis, its patho-anatomical basis and its stereotactic relief.

The typical multiple sclerosis case considered here is especially informative from both the standpoint of its clinical course and on the basis of the autopsy findings. The foci responsible for the severe bilateral intention myoclonus of the trunk and limbs are the nerve cell losses in both red nuclei due to extensive and almost complete demyelination. Thereby the triangle of Mollaret between the red nucleus, inferior olives and dentate nucleus is involved as the patho-physiological circuit responsible for myoclonus.

Pathologic-anatomical findings and cerebral localization in stereotactic treatment of extrapyramidal motor disturbances in multiple sclerosis.

Two postmortem case of multiple sclerosis treated by sterotactic operations for the intention shaking of limbs, trunk, and head, and for the action myoclonus are analyzed to determine the location of the substrate of myoclonic and ballistic movements, the location of the coagulations for relief of these movements, and whether fresh demyelinating foci are elicited by intracerebral interventions. In the first case of a clinically typical multiple sclerosis, the foci responsible for the severe action myoclonus and intention ataxia of the trunk are demyelinations in the right and left red nucleus resulting in nerve cell damage and loss and an almost complete destruction of myelinated fibers. The restricted foci in the white matter of the cerebellum which do not involve the cerebellar nuclei are not extensive enough or old enough to be the cause of the action myoclonus but may, perhaps, sustain the pathogenesis.