Associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep with next-day cognitive performance in older adults: a micro-longitudinal study.

Background: Previous studies suggest short-term cognitive benefits of physical activity occurring minutes to hours after exercise. Whether these benefits persist the following day and the role of sleep is unclear. We examined associations of accelerometer-assessed physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep with next-day cognitive performance in older adults.

Healthy lifestyle and cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults residing in 14 European countries.

Studies examining lifestyle and cognitive decline often use healthy lifestyle indices, making it difficult to understand implications for interventions. We examined associations of 16 lifestyles with cognitive decline. Data from 32,033 cognitively-healthy adults aged 50-104 years participating in prospective cohort studies of aging from 14 European countries were used to examine associations of lifestyle with memory and fluency decline over 10 years.

Joint associations of physical activity and sleep duration with cognitive ageing: longitudinal analysis of an English cohort study.

Background: Physical activity and sleep duration are key factors associated with cognitive function and dementia risk. How physical activity and sleep interact to influence cognitive ageing is not well explored. We aimed to examine the associations of combinations of physical activity and sleep duration with 10-year cognitive trajectories.

The impact of selected methodological factors on data collection outcomes in observational studies of device-measured physical behaviour in adults: A systematic review.

Background: Accelerometer measures of physical behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep) in observational studies offer detailed insight into associations with health and disease. Maximising recruitment and accelerometer wear, and minimising data loss remain key challenges. How varying methods used to collect accelerometer data influence data collection outcomes is poorly understood.

Socioeconomic and Contextual Differentials in Memory Decline: A Cross-Country Investigation Between England and China.

Objectives: Although cognitive functioning is strongly associated with biological changes in the brain during the aging process, very little is known about the role of sociocultural differentials between the western and eastern parts of the world. We examined the associations between individual socioeconomic markers (e.g.

Impact of e-cigarette retail displays on attitudes to smoking and vaping in children: an online experimental study.

Objectives: To estimate the impact of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) retail display exposure on attitudes to smoking and vaping (susceptibility to tobacco smoking and using e-cigarettes, and perceptions of the harms of smoking and e-cigarette use).

Design: Between-subjects randomised experiment using a 2 (e-cigarette retail display visibility: high vs low)×2 (proportion of e-cigarette images: 75% vs 25%) factorial design.

Setting: Online via the Qualtrics survey platform.

Electronic cigarette and smoking paraphernalia point of sale displays: an observational study in England.

Background: Tobacco point of sale (POS) retail displays are banned in many countries, including in England, due in part to evidence linking them to greater susceptibility to smoking in children. There is no equivalent ban on displays of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) or smoking paraphernalia (eg, cigarette lighters) in England, which are often positioned alongside covered tobacco storage units. This observational study describes the visibility and placement of e-cigarette and smoking paraphernalia POS displays in major tobacco retailers in two cities in England to inform future research examining their possible links to susceptibility to tobacco smoking, particularly in children.

Straight-sided beer and cider glasses to reduce alcohol sales for on-site consumption: A randomised crossover trial in bars.

Background: Straight-sided glasses can slow the rate of lager consumption in a laboratory setting compared with curved glasses. Slower drinking rates may lower overall alcohol consumption. Glass shape is therefore a potential target for intervention.

The impact on selection of non-alcoholic vs alcoholic drink availability: an online experiment.

Background: Increasing the availability of healthier food increases its selection and consumption. However, there is an absence of evidence related to alcohol. This study aimed to estimate the impact of increasing the absolute and relative availability of non-alcoholic compared to alcoholic drinks on selection.

Tobacco and electronic cigarette cues for smoking and vaping: an online experimental study.

Objective: This study examined whether exposure to smoking and vaping cues the urge to smoke or vape. It extends previous studies on first-generation cigalikes (visually similar to cigarettes) and second-generation devices (visually similar to pens) by including third-generation tank system devices (larger bulky units). In an online experiment, participants were randomly assigned to view one of four videos, which included smoking, vaping (cigalike or tank system), or neutral cues.

Increasing the proportion of healthier foods available with and without reducing portion sizes and energy purchased in worksite cafeterias: protocol for a stepped-wedge randomised controlled trial.

Background: Overconsumption of energy from food contributes to high rates of overweight and obesity in many populations. A promising set of interventions tested in pilot studies in worksite cafeterias, suggests energy intake may be reduced by increasing the proportion of healthier - i.e.

The Acute Effects of Breaking Up Seated Office Work With Standing or Light-Intensity Walking on Interstitial Glucose Concentration: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Background: The aim of this randomized, 3-period, 3-treatment crossover trial was to examine the acute effects of regularly breaking up seated office work with short bouts of standing or light-intensity walking on postprandial interstitial glucose concentration.

Methods: Seventeen middle-aged office workers performed 3 5-hour trial conditions at their workplace in a random order: 1) uninterrupted sitting, 2) sitting interrupted by 2 minutes of standing every 20 minutes, and 3) sitting interrupted by 2 minutes of light-intensity walking every 20 minutes. Participants consumed 2 standardized test drinks at the start of each trial condition and an iPro2 continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) recorded average interstitial glucose concentration every 5 minutes for the duration of the study.

Accelerometer-measured sedentary time and cardiometabolic biomarkers: A systematic review.

Objective: We conducted a systematic review to investigate the cross-sectional and prospective associations of accelerometer-measured total sedentary time and breaks in sedentary time with individual cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults ≥18years of age.

Methods: Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Due to inconsistencies in the measurement and analysis of sedentary time, data was synthesised and presented narratively rather than as a meta-analysis.

Immediate effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the naso-maxillary facial soft tissue using 3D stereophotogrammetry.

Background: Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is used to expand the narrow maxilla. Dental and skeletal affects have previously been reported but few studies have reported on the overlying soft tissue changes. This study reports on the immediate effects of RME on the naso-maxillary facial soft tissue using 3D stereophotogrammetry.

The novel use of three-dimensional surface models to quantify and visualise the immediate changes of the mid-facial skeleton following rapid maxillary expansion.

Background: The transverse skeletal effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) have previously been assessed using cone-beam CT (CBCT). However, to date the majority of studies assess the changes based on two-dimensional slice images, which under utilises the three-dimensional (3D) data captured. This study optimizes the volumetric CBCT data by generating 3D rendered surface models to quantity and visualize the immediate 3D changes of the mid-facial bone surfaces following RME.

A survey of the first 6 years of experience with cone beam CT scanning in a teaching hospital orthodontic department.

Objective: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a specialized form of radiography and has been used in the Glasgow Dental Hospital since 2006. The clinical notes of all patients referred for CBCT from the orthodontic department between 2006 and 2011 were evaluated to determine the reasons for referral, scan parameters and clinical findings.

Design: Retrospective observational study.

The virtual human face: superimposing the simultaneously captured 3D photorealistic skin surface of the face on the untextured skin image of the CBCT scan.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of simultaneous capture of the three-dimensional (3D) surface of the face and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan of the skull on the accuracy of their registration and superimposition. 3D facial images were acquired in 14 patients using the Di3d (Dimensional Imaging, UK) imaging system and i-CAT CBCT scanner. One stereophotogrammetry image was captured at the same time as the CBCT and another 1h later.

Developments in autotransplantation of teeth.

Transplantation of teeth has been done for hundreds of years. In the late 18th and early 19th century transplants of teeth between individuals were relatively common at specialist dental practices in London. Surprisingly tooth allotransplants have been found to last 6 years on average.

Autotransplantation of an immature premolar, with the aid of cone beam CT and computer-aided prototyping: a case report.

Unlabelled: Autotransplantation of immature teeth has good survival rates, and has benefits over ossointegrated implants in the growing child, but is very technique sensitive. Spiral CT imaging has been previously used in adult patients to enable computer-aided prototyping to produce a surgical template of the donor tooth, further increasing success rates.

Case Report: The case presented describes management of a 9-year-old girl with the combination of hypodontia affecting the upper lateral incisors as well as a severely ectopic maxillary canine.

External apical root resorption: two case reports.

Aim: To present two cases of external root resorption and in so doing highlight rarer causative factors as well as the difficulties in classifying root resorption.

Summary: Root resorption in the permanent dentition is usually pathological. Local factors are the most frequent causes of resorption, most commonly excessive pressure and inflammation.

The quality of the X-ray image: fault analysis.

Current guidelines encourage dentists to assess the quality of the radiographs that they take as a normal part of their routine, and peer review is recommended on a regular basis. Technical faults or processing errors may result in unsatisfactory diagnostic images. In order to rectify such faults and to prevent their recurrence it is vital that the practitioner is able to recognize them and determine their cause.

Ameloblastoma: a surgeon's dilemma.

Purpose: To investigate whether there were any significant differences in the mode of presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients presenting with a primary diagnosis of ameloblastoma in Glasgow, Scotland and San Francisco, CA.

Materials And Methods: All cases of ameloblastoma seen in both institutions between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1999 were included in this study. Mode of presentation, radiographic appearance, histologic appearance, treatment, and follow-up were recorded.

A comparison of two radiographic assessment protocols for patients with periodontal disease.

Objective: Radiographic assessment of patients with generalised severe periodontitis may be undertaken with a panoramic view and supplementary periapicals. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effective radiation dose from this form of radiographic assessment, and to compare it with an estimate of the dose from a series of periapicals of all the affected teeth.

Design: Cross-sectional observational study.