Frequentist and Bayesian approaches for food allergen risk assessment: risk outcome and uncertainty comparisons.

Peer-reviewed probabilistic methods already predict the probability of an allergic reaction resulting from an accidental exposure to food allergens, however, the methods calculate it in different ways. The available methods utilize the same three major input parameters in the risk model: the risk is estimated from the amount of food consumed, the concentration of allergen in the contaminated product and the distribution of thresholds among allergic persons. However, consensus is lacking about the optimal method to estimate the risk of allergic reaction and the associated uncertainty.

Delayed insulin absorption correlates with alterations in subcutaneous depot kinetics in rats with diet-induced obesity.

Objective: Obesity is associated with delayed insulin absorption upon subcutaneous (s.c.) dosing in humans.

Subcutaneous Administration of Insulin is Associated With Regional Differences in Injection Depot Variability and Kinetics in The Rat.

Background: In humans, subcutaneous administration of insulin in the abdominal region or arm is associated with a faster absorption compared to the thigh or buttocks. We hypothesised that this is partly caused by differences in injection depot structure and kinetics and that the variability in insulin exposure differs between injection sites.

Material And Methods: Regional effects on insulin pharmacokinetics were evaluated in a series of studies in Sprague Dawley rats dosed subcutaneously with insulin aspart in the neck or flank.

Food groups for allergen risk assessment: Combining food consumption data from different countries in Europe.

To prevent allergic reactions, food producers have to be able to make a knowledge based decision on whether to label their products with precautionary labelling. As many manufactured food products are sold in different countries across Europe, the allergen risk assessment should be estimated at the European levels. As currently, there are no pan-European food data suitable for food allergy risk assessment.

Determinants of meal satisfaction in a workplace environment.

Workplace lunches are recurrent meal occasions that can contribute to the general well-being of employees. The objective of our research was to study which factors influence consumers' satisfaction with these meals by exploring the relative role of food-related, personal, situational factors. Using a longitudinal approach, we monitored a total of 71 participants compiled and experienced 519 meals from their workplace canteen buffet during a three-month period; in addition the composed lunches were photographed.

The effect of skatole and androstenone on consumer response towards fresh pork from m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum and m. semimembranosus.

Consumer liking was assessed for boneless chops (m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum) and schnitzels (m. semimembranosus) from castrates and entire male pigs with an androstenone content of up to 9.

The effect of skatole and androstenone on consumer response towards streaky bacon and pork belly roll.

Consumer liking was assessed for streaky bacon and pork belly roll from entire male pigs with an androstenone (AND) content of up to 9.4 ppm and a skatole (SKA) content of up to 0.92 ppm in the back fat and castrates.

In silico modelling of permeation enhancement potency in Caco-2 monolayers based on molecular descriptors and random forest.

Structural traits of permeation enhancers are important determinants of their capacity to promote enhanced drug absorption. Therefore, in order to obtain a better understanding of structure-activity relationships for permeation enhancers, a Quantitative Structural Activity Relationship (QSAR) model has been developed. The random forest-QSAR model was based upon Caco-2 data for 41 surfactant-like permeation enhancers from Whitehead et al.

Comparison of estimated energy intake using Web-based Dietary Assessment Software with accelerometer-determined energy expenditure in children.

Background: The OPUS (Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet) project carried out a school meal study to assess the impact of a New Nordic Diet (NND). The random controlled trial involved 834 children aged 8-11 in nine local authority schools in Denmark. Dietary assessment was carried out using a program known as WebDASC (Web-based Dietary Assessment Software for Children) to collect data from the children.

Evaluation of Web-based Dietary Assessment Software for Children: comparing reported fruit, juice and vegetable intakes with plasma carotenoid concentration and school lunch observations.

Web-based Dietary Assessment Software for Children (WebDASC) was developed to estimate dietary intake in a school meal intervention study among 8- to 11-year-old Danish children. The present study validates self-reported fruit, juice and vegetable (FJV) intakes in 8- to 11-year-old children by comparing intake with plasma carotenoid concentration, and by comparing the reported FJV intake to actually eaten FJV, as observed by a photographic method. A total of eighty-one children, assisted by parents, reported their diet for seven consecutive days.

Dietary patterns on weekdays and weekend days in 4-14-year-old Danish children.

Little is known about dietary patterns on weekdays and weekend days in children, and the aim of the present study was to investigate 4–14-year-old children's dietary patterns specifically on weekdays (Monday–Thursday) and weekend days (Saturday–Sunday). Dietary data were derived from the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity 2003–8, where a total of 784 children aged 4–14 years completed a 7 d pre-coded food record. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns in the age groups 4–6, 7–10 and 11–14 years.

Differences in Danish children's diet quality on weekdays v. weekend days.

Objective: To compare differences in children's diet quality on weekdays (Monday-Thursday), Fridays and weekend days.

Design: A representative cross-sectional study in which participants completed a 7 d pre-coded food record. Mean intakes of energy, macronutrients and selected food items (g/10 MJ) as well as energy density were compared between weekdays, Fridays and weekend days for each gender in three age groups (4-6, 7-10 and 11-14 years) using Tobit analysis to account for zero intakes.

Comparison of estimated energy intake from 2×24-hour recalls and a seven-day food record with objective measurements of energy expenditure in children.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate energy intake (EI) estimated from two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls (24-HDRs) and a pre-coded seven-day food record (7-dFR) against objective measurements of energy expenditure (EE) in children.

Design: A total of 67 7-8 year-olds and 64 12-13 year-olds completed the 2×24-HDRs, the 7-dFR, and wore ActiReg(®) (PreMed AS, Oslo, Norway), a combined position and motion recording instrument, during the same seven days as the 7-dFR was filled in.

Results: In the 7-8 year-olds, EI from the 2×24-HDRs (EI(2×24-HDR)) was overestimated with 3% compared to EE (not significantly different), while EI from the 7-dFR (EI(7-dFR)) was underestimated with 7% compared to EE (P=0.

Effective population management practices in diabetes care - an observational study.

Background: Ensuring that evidence based medicine reaches patients with diabetes in the US and internationally is challenging. The chronic care model includes evidence based management practices which support evidence based care. However, despite numerous studies, it is unclear which practices are most effective.

Flavour development in pork. Influence of flavour precursor concentrations in longissimus dorsi from pigs with different raw meat qualities.

Flavour development and overall eating quality of pan-fried pork chops of longissimus dorsi from eight different raw meat qualities aged for 4 and 15 days were assessed by a trained sensory panel. The raw meat qualities were obtained through combinations of strategic feeding/fasting (control vs. low glycogen concentration), slaughter live-weight (84kg vs.

Flavour formation in pork semimembranosus: Combination of pan-temperature and raw meat quality.

Flavour development and overall eating quality of pork semimembranosus were investigated with regard to different raw meat qualities (feeding/fasting strategy; control/low glycogen level, gender; castrate/female, slaughter live-weight; 84kg/110kg) combined with frying temperature (150°C/240°C). It was further investigated whether the precursor levels of glycogen, IMP, inosine, and hypoxanthine in the raw meat were correlated to the raw meat quality and fried/grilled attributes. Pork schnitzels were fried on a pan (155°C) or grill-pan (240-250°C) to a core temperature of 70°C.

In silico prediction of cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 inhibition using Gaussian kernel weighted k-nearest neighbor and extended connectivity fingerprints, including structural fragment analysis of inhibitors versus noninhibitors.

Inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes is unwanted because of the risk of severe side effects due to drug-drug interactions. We present two in silico Gaussian kernel weighted k-nearest neighbor models based on extended connectivity fingerprints that classify CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition. Data used for modeling consisted of diverse sets of 1153 and 1382 drug candidates tested for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition in human liver microsomes.

Two subpopulations of Listeria monocytogenes occur at subinhibitory concentrations of leucocin 4010 and nisin.

In situ analyses of single Listeria monocytogenes cells at subinhibitory concentrations of leucocin 4010 and nisin revealed two subpopulations when measured by fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy (FRIM) after staining with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. One subpopulation consisted of cells with a dissipated pH gradient (DeltapH), and the other consisted of cells that maintained DeltapH. The proportion of cells belonging to each subpopulation was estimated, and the concentrations of bacteriocins required to dissipate DeltapH for 90% of the cell population (ED90) was predicted.

The multifocal ERG in diabetic patients without retinopathy during euglycemic clamping.

Purpose: Prolonged multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) implicit times have been observed in diabetes, although the acute response to hyperglycemia is an acceleration of the ERG. The hypothesis for the current investigation was that this discrepancy is caused by a protracted adaptational response of the retina to hyperglycemia.

Methods: Fourteen patients with type 1 diabetes without retinopathy were blood glucose clamped at 5 mM for 75 minutes before the recording of the mfERG.

In silico prediction of membrane permeability from calculated molecular parameters.

A data set consisting of 712 compounds was used for classification into two classes with respect to membrane permeation in a cell-based assay: (0) apparent permeability (P(app)) below 4 x 10(-6) cm/s and (1) P(app) on 4 x 10(-6) cm/s or higher. Nine molecular descriptors were calculated for each compound and Nearest-Neighbor classification was applied using five neighbors as optimized by full cross-validation. A model based on five descriptors, number of flex bonds, number of hydrogen bond acceptors and donors, and molecular and polar surface area, was selected by variable selection.

Effect of short-term hyperglycemia on multifocal electroretinogram in diabetic patients without retinopathy.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of variations in blood glucose level on the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) in patients with type 1 diabetes without retinopathy.

Methods: Fourteen patients were clamped sequentially and in random order at 5 and 15 mM blood glucose for 75 minutes on the same day. MfERG was recorded in one eye at each level of blood glucose level.

Investigation of packaging systems for shelled walnuts based on oxygen absorbers.

Storage of nuts at a high oxygen concentration results in rancid nuts whereas storage at a low oxygen concentration results in fine-tasting nuts. During a 13 month experiment, packaging of walnuts with an oxygen absorber was compared to packaging in nitrogen or atmospheric air. At the same time, the effects of oxygen permeability of the packaging material and storage temperature (11 and 21 degrees C) were investigated by determination of hexanal and rancid taste of the walnuts.

Acitretin is converted to etretinate only during concomitant alcohol intake.

Background: Acitretin has replaced etretinate in the treatment of various disorders of keratinization due to a considerably shorter terminal half-life. Possible esterification of acitretin to etretinate in the presence of ethanol has been reported.

Objectives: To determine the plasma concentrations of etretinate as a metabolite in patients with various disorders of keratinization after multiple acitretin dosing, and to assess the influence of alcohol consumption using a questionnaire.

Chromosome aberrations in in vitro-produced bovine embryos at days 2-5 post-insemination.

Availability of embryos of high quality is required to obtain satisfactory embryonic developmental rates and normal calves following transfer of in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos. One relevant quality parameter is the frequency of chromosome aberrations, which can be evaluated using multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome 6- and chromosome 7-specific probes in cattle. In this study, interphase nuclei (n = 3805) were analyzed from 426 bovine IVP embryos.

Free polyunsaturated fatty acids cause taste deterioration of salmon during frozen storage.

Increased intensity of train oil taste, bitterness, and metal taste are the most pronounced sensory changes during frozen storage of salmon (Refsgaard, H. H. F.