A Combination of Four Nuclear Targeted Effectors Protects Against Interferon Gamma Driven Human Host Cell Death During Acute Infection.

In both mice and humans, Type II interferon-gamma (IFNγ) is crucial for regulation of () infection, during acute or chronic phases. To thwart this defense, secretes protein effectors hindering the hosťs immune response. For example, relies on the MYR translocon complex to deploy soluble dense granule effectors (GRAs) into the host cell cytosol or nucleus.

CD62L expression marks a functionally distinct subset of memory B cells.

The memory B cell response consists of phenotypically distinct subsets that differ in their ability to respond upon antigen re-encounter. However, the pathways regulating the development and function of memory B cell subsets are poorly understood. Here, we show that CD62L and CD44 are progressively expressed on mouse memory B cells and identify transcriptionally and functionally distinct memory B cell subsets.

Functional heterogeneity in the memory B-cell response.

Most vaccines induce robust antibody and memory B-cell (MBC) responses that are capable of mediating protective immunity. However, antibody titers wane following vaccination necessitating the administration of booster vaccines to maintain a protective antibody titer. MBCs are stably maintained following vaccination and can rapidly give rise to antibody-secreting cells or undergo further affinity maturation upon antigen re-encounter.

Expression of GM-CSF Is Regulated by Fli-1 Transcription Factor, a Potential Drug Target.

Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli-1) is an ETS transcription factor and a critical regulator of inflammatory mediators, including MCP-1, CCL5, IL-6, G-CSF, CXCL2, and caspase-1. GM-CSF is a regulator of granulocyte and macrophage lineage differentiation and a key player in the pathogenesis of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. In this study, we demonstrated that Fli-1 regulates the expression of GM-CSF in both T cells and endothelial cells.

A Novel Formulation Strategy to Deliver Combined DNA and VLP Based HPV Vaccine.

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that cause cervical cancer, the second most lethal cancer among women in the world. Currently, two vaccines are on the market for preventing HPV-caused cervical cancers and warts. Both are virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines.

An ankyrin-binding motif regulates nuclear levels of L1-type neuroglian and expression of the oncogene in neurons.

L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is well-known for its importance in nervous system development and cancer progression. In addition to its role as a plasma membrane protein in cytoskeletal organization, recent studies have revealed that both transmembrane and cytosolic fragments of proteolytically cleaved vertebrate L1CAM translocate to the nucleus. studies indicate that nuclear L1CAM affects genes with functions in DNA post-replication repair, cell cycle control, and cell migration and differentiation, but its role and how its nuclear levels are regulated is less well-understood.