Protocol to assess bioenergetics and mitochondrial fuel usage in murine autoreactive immunocytes using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer.

Efficient metabolism, or the means by which cells produce energy resources, is critical for proper effector function. Here, we present a protocol for examining the bioenergetics and mitochondrial fuel utilization of primary murine autoreactive immunocytes using cellular metabolism-modulating drugs. We describe steps for plate calibration, isolation of primary immunocytes, and Seahorse assay plate preparation.

The Search for Species Flocks in Marine Benthic spp. (Diatomeae: Bacillariales). I. Variations on Three Themes, Seventeen New Species.

Exploration of the diversity in the diatom genus across Micronesia revealed several clusters of undescribed species based on variations around several characters. Using ultrastructural data from scanning electron microscopy, we describe seventeen new species in three of these morphological groups. (1) A group with external thickenings includes eight new species with costae and/or bordered areolae on valve face and/or conopea and/or peri-raphe zone, and one with similar areolae but no ornamentation; this group includes the previously described .