Contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging to distinguish herpetic encephalitis from auto-immune encephalitis at an early stage.

Objectives: To determine whether diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can help to distinguish early stage autoimmune (AI) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitides.

Methods: This case-control study included patients from a multi-center cohort of AI encephalitides whose initial MRI including DWI was performed within ten days after symptoms onset. They were compared with patients with HSV encephalitis enrolled prospectively in a single-center from June, 2020 to December, 2020.

Emerging MR Imaging and Spectroscopic Methods to Study Brain Tumor Metabolism.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) provides a non-invasive biochemical profile of brain tumors. The conventional H-MRS methods present a few challenges mainly related to limited spatial coverage and low spatial and spectral resolutions. In the recent past, the advent and development of more sophisticated metabolic imaging and spectroscopic sequences have revolutionized the field of neuro-oncologic metabolomics.

Non-traumatic coma in young children in Benin: are viral and bacterial infections gaining ground on cerebral malaria?

Background: While malaria morbidity and mortality have declined since 2000, viral central nervous system infections appear to be an important, underestimated cause of coma in malaria-endemic Eastern Africa. We aimed to describe the etiology of non-traumatic comas in young children in Benin, as well as their management and early outcomes, and to identify factors associated with death.

Methods: From March to November 2018, we enrolled all HIV-negative children aged between 2 and 6 years, with a Blantyre Coma Score ≤ 2, in this prospective observational study.

Characteristics and Clinical Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the Management of Adult-Onset Still's Disease: 35 Cases.

While the diagnosis of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) involves the exclusion of differential diagnoses, the characteristics and value of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography coupled with CT (PET/CT) in the management of AOSD remain poorly known. Our retrospective study included patients from four centers, fulfilling Yamaguchi or Fautrel criteria, who underwent a PET/CT during an active AOSD. Thirty-five patients were included.

Collicular Hyperactivation in Patients with COVID-19: A New Finding on Brain MRI and PET/CT.

Hyperactivation of the colliculi has been observed in some patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

Update on brain MRI for the diagnosis and follow-up of MS patients.

Over the past decades, MRI has become a major tool in the diagnosis and the follow-up of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), especially for monitoring the effectiveness of therapy. The recent international recommendations issued for the standardization of neurological and radiological clinical practices converge on many points. In this setting, recommendations made by the "Observatoire français de la sclérose en plaques", the French MS registry, can be distinguished by its interdisciplinary complementarity, its longevity, its size, and its positions in direct connection with the clinic.

Cerebral vasculitis of medium-sized vessels as a possible mechanism of brain damage in COVID-19 patients.

Background And Purpose: Cerebral complications related to COVID-19 were recently reported, and the underlying mechanisms of brain damage remain uncertain, probably multifactorial. Among various hypotheses suggested, a possible vasculitis was issued but never confirmed. Herein, we aimed to describe brain MRIs focused on the intracranial vessel wall in a population of COVID-19 patients with neurologic manifestations.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Features in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Neurological Manifestations: Correlation with Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 58 Patients.

Background: Neurological manifestations are common in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but little is known about pathophysiological mechanisms. In this single-center study, we examined neurological manifestations in 58 patients, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and neuroimaging findings.

Methods: The study included 58 patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations in whom severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction screening and on CSF analysis were performed.

Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds for patients with severe COVID-19: etiologic hypotheses.

Background And Purpose: During the COVID-19 outbreak, the presence of extensive white matter microhemorrhages was detected by brain MRIs. The goal of this study was to investigate the origin of this atypical hemorrhagic complication.

Methods: Between March 17 and May 18, 2020, 80 patients with severe COVID-19 infections were admitted for acute respiratory distress syndrome to intensive care units at the University Hospitals of Strasbourg for whom a brain MRI for neurologic manifestations was performed.

Neurologic and neuroimaging findings in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective multicenter study.

Objective: To describe neuroimaging findings and to report the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with neurologic manifestations.

Methods: In this retrospective multicenter study (11 hospitals), we included 64 patients with confirmed COVID-19 with neurologic manifestations who underwent a brain MRI.

Results: The cohort included 43 men (67%) and 21 women (33%); their median age was 66 (range 20-92) years.

Spontaneous community-acquired PVL-producing Staphylococcus aureus mediastinitis in an immunocompetent adult - a case report.

Background: Mediastinitis caused by hematogenous spread of an infection is rare. We report the first known case of community-acquired mediastinitis from hematogenous origin in an immunocompetent adult. This rare invasive infection was due to Panton-Valentine Leucocidin-producing (PVL+) methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).

New OFSEP recommendations for MRI assessment of multiple sclerosis patients: Special consideration for gadolinium deposition and frequent acquisitions.

Purpose: New multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), which exert beneficial effects through prevention of relapse, limitation of disability progression, and improvement of patients' quality of life, have recently emerged. Nonetheless, these DMTs are not without associated complications (severe adverse events like. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy).

Spatial distribution of multiple sclerosis lesions in the cervical spinal cord.

Spinal cord lesions detected on MRI hold important diagnostic and prognostic value for multiple sclerosis. Previous attempts to correlate lesion burden with clinical status have had limited success, however, suggesting that lesion location may be a contributor. Our aim was to explore the spatial distribution of multiple sclerosis lesions in the cervical spinal cord, with respect to clinical status.

Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary multiple sclerosis lesions with convolutional neural networks.

The spinal cord is frequently affected by atrophy and/or lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Segmentation of the spinal cord and lesions from MRI data provides measures of damage, which are key criteria for the diagnosis, prognosis, and longitudinal monitoring in MS. Automating this operation eliminates inter-rater variability and increases the efficiency of large-throughput analysis pipelines.

Longitudinal study of multiple sclerosis lesions using ultra-high field (7T) multiparametric MR imaging.

Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions is dynamic and changes over time. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the longitudinal changes in MS lesions over time on ultra-high field MR imaging. Nine patients with MS underwent high-resolution 3D-susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and 2D-gradient-echo-T2*-weighted imaging on 7T MRI at baseline and after ~2.

Multimodal imaging provides insight into targeted therapy response in metastatic prostate cancer to the bone.

Metastatic prostate cancer to bone remains incurable, driving efforts to develop individualized, targeted therapies to improve clinical outcomes while limiting adverse side-effects. Due to the complexity in cellular signaling pathways and the interaction between cancer and its microenvironment, multiparametric imaging approaches for treatment response may improve understanding of the biological effects of therapy. An orthotopic model of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) bone metastasis was treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Cabozantinib (CABO).

Weekly enhanced T1-weighted MRI with Gadobutrol injections in MS patients: Is there a signal intensity increase in the dentate nucleus and the globus pallidus?

Background And Purpose: Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) administration have drastically improved the accuracy of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) diagnosis by highlighting any damage to the brain blood barrier, thereby differentiating between active and non-active lesions. Following multiple administrations of GBCAs, several MS studies have reported a signal intensity (SI) increase on unenhanced T1-weighted images in certain brain regions such as the dentate nucleus (DN) and the globus pallidus (GP). Our aim was therefore to determine the accumulation of macrocyclic GBCAs on enhanced T1-weighted images SI in the DN and the GP of MS patients injected eight times.

Diagnostic value of 3DFLAIR in clinical practice for the detection of infratentorial lesions in multiple sclerosis in regard to dual echo T2 sequences.

Background And Purpose: The aim of this prospective study is to investigate and evaluate in clinical practice the diagnostic impact of 3DFLAIR in regards to 2DT2/PD in terms of infratentorial lesions detection in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Material And Methods: 164 MS patients from the OFSEP database were reviewed retrospectively. MR examinations were performed on 1.

A nonalcoholic fatty liver disease cirrhosis model in gerbil: the dynamic relationship between hepatic lipid metabolism and cirrhosis.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) usually takes decades to develop into cirrhosis, which limits the longitudinal study of NAFLD. This work aims at developing a NAFLD-caused cirrhosis model in gerbil and examining the dynamic relationship between hepatic lipid metabolism and cirrhosis. We fed gerbil a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD) for 24 weeks, and recorded the gerbil's phenotype at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 weeks.

NanoRocks: Design and performance of an experiment studying planet formation on the International Space Station.

In an effort to better understand the early stages of planet formation, we have developed a 1.5U payload that flew on the International Space Station (ISS) in the NanoRacks NanoLab facility between September 2014 and March 2016. This payload, named NanoRocks, ran a particle collision experiment under long-term microgravity conditions.

Susceptibility weighted imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping of the cerebral vasculature using ferumoxytol.

Purpose: To demonstrate the potential of imaging cerebral arteries and veins with ferumoxytol using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).

Materials And Methods: The relationships between ferumoxytol concentration and the apparent susceptibility at 1.5T, 3T, and 7T were determined using phantom data; the ability of visualizing subvoxel vessels was evaluated using simulations; and the feasibility of using ferumoxytol to enhance the visibility of small vessels was confirmed in three healthy volunteers at 7T(with doses 1 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg).

Iron and Non-Iron-Related Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Lesions at 7T MRI.

Background And Purpose: Characterization of iron deposition associated with demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica has not been well studied. Our aim was to investigate the potential of ultra-high-field MR imaging to distinguish MS from neuromyelitis optica and to characterize tissue injury associated with iron pathology within lesions.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-one patients with MS and 21 patients with neuromyelitis optica underwent 7T high-resolution 2D-gradient-echo-T2* and 3D-susceptibility-weighted imaging.