Multiplexed amplicon sequencing reveals the heterogeneous spatial distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations in Aedes albopictus mosquito populations in southern France.

Background: The risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission is increasing in temperate climates with the colonization and proliferation of the Asian tiger mosquito vector Aedes albopictus and the rapid mass transport of passengers returning from tropical regions where viruses are endemic. The prevention of major Aedes-borne viruses heavily relies on the use of insecticides for vector control, mainly pyrethroids. In Europe, only deltamethrin is authorized.

Impact on Mosquitoes Exposed to Honey-Impregnated Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) Cards.

Programs to control viruses transmitted by mosquitoes requires the implementation of surveillance tools. Over the past decade, Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards, which preserve nucleic acids, have emerged as an innovating surveillance system for collecting arboviruses expectorated during mosquito sugar feeding. In this study, we evaluate the survival rates of two strain of (New Orleans (NO) and Cayenne (CAY)) in the laboratory after exposing to either honey-impregnated FTA cards or untreated filter paper (UFP) card.

Comparison of SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf/Pan and Acro Malaria P.f./P.v./Pan with Microscopy and Real Time PCR for the Diagnosis of Human Species.

The early diagnosis of malaria is crucial to controlling morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends diagnosing malaria either using light microscopy or a malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Most RDTs use antibodies to detect two histidine-rich proteins named PfHRP2 and PfHRP3.

Noninvasive detection of Zika virus in mosquito excreta sampled from wild mosquito populations in French Guiana.

Arboviruses can be difficult to detect in the field due to relatively low prevalence in mosquito populations. The discovery that infected mosquitoes can release viruses in both their saliva and excreta gave rise to low-cost methods for the detection of arboviruses during entomological surveillance. We implemented both saliva and excreta-based entomological surveillance during the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in French Guiana in 2016 by trapping mosquitoes around households of symptomatic cases with confirmed ZIKV infection.

Etiology of Acute Febrile Illnesses in Adults in the Defense Community in French Guiana.

In tropical countries, acute febrile illnesses represent a complex clinical problem for general practitioners. We describe the prevalence of different etiologies of acute febrile illnesses occurring among French service members and their families, excluding children, in general practice in French Guiana. From June 2017 to March 2020, patients with a fever ≥37.

First report of kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in the arbovirus vector, Aedes aegypti, from Nouakchott, Mauritania.

Background: Since 2014, dengue epidemics have occurred almost annually in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania, coinciding with the recent establishment of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue, in the city. Anopheles arabiensis, the primary vector of malaria, is also abundant not only in Nouakchott but also in most areas of the country. Resistance to insecticides has been studied in An.

Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Mauritania: A Literature Review.

During the past four decades, recurrent outbreaks of various arthropod-borne viruses have been reported in Mauritania. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on the epidemiology of the major arboviruses circulating in Mauritania. Online databases including PubMed and Web of Science were used to retrieve relevant published studies.

Updated estimation of cutaneous leishmaniasis incubation period in French Guiana.

Background: The cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) incubation period (IP) is defined as the time between parasite inoculation by sandfly bite and the onset of the first CL lesion. IP distribution is difficult to assess for CL because the date of exposure to an infectious bite cannot be accurately determined in endemic areas. IP current estimates for CL range from 14 days to several months with a median around 30-60 days, as established by a few previous studies in both New and Old Worlds.

Malaria prevalence in Mauritania: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Understanding malaria epidemiology is a critical step toward efficient malaria control and elimination. The objective of this meta-analysis was to derive robust estimates of malaria prevalence and Plasmodium species from studies conducted in Mauritania and published since 2000.

Methods: The present review followed the PRISMA guidelines.

Identification of Neotropical Mosquitoes by MALDI-TOF MS Profiling.

The mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna of French Guiana encompasses 242 species, of which nearly half of them belong to the genus . Whereas several species of are important vectors of arboviruses, only a limited number of studies focus on them due to the difficulties to morphologically identify field-caught females. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been reported as a promising method for the identification of mosquitoes.

Chikungunya Outbreak in Country with Multiple Vectorborne Diseases, Djibouti, 2019-2020.

During 2019-2020, a chikungunya outbreak occurred in Djibouti City, Djibouti, while dengue virus and malaria parasites were cocirculating. We used blotting paper to detect arbovirus emergence and confirm that it is a robust method for detecting and monitoring arbovirus outbreaks remotely.

Changing epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Nouakchott, Mauritania: a six-year (2015-2020) prospective study.

Background: Plasmodium vivax malaria is one of the major infectious diseases of public health concern in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania and the biggest urban setting in the Sahara. The assessment of the current trends in malaria epidemiology is primordial in understanding the dynamics of its transmission and developing an effective control strategy.

Methods: A 6 year (2015-2020) prospective study was carried out in Nouakchott.

Performance of a Commercial Multiplex Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Kit to Genotype African-Type Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency.

8-Aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs (primaquine, tafenoquine) are required for complete cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but they are contraindicated in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. In the absence of spectrophotometry, which is a gold standard for measuring G6PD activity, G6PD genotyping is one of the alternatives to establish a database and distribution map of G6PD enzyme deficiency in Mauritania, which has become a new epicenter of P. vivax malaria in West Africa.

Variation in Pyrethroid Resistance Phenotypes in Anopheles darlingi in an Area with Residual Malaria Transmission: Warning of Suspected Resistance in French Guiana.

Anopheles darlingi is the main vector of malaria in South America. In French Guiana, malaria transmission occurs inland and along the rivers with a regular reemergence in the lower Oyapock area. Control against malaria vectors includes indoor residual spraying of deltamethrin and the distribution of long-lasting impregnated bednets.

Analysis of trapped mosquito excreta as a noninvasive method to reveal biodiversity and arbovirus circulation.

Emerging and endemic mosquito-borne viruses can be difficult to detect and monitor because they often cause asymptomatic infections in human or vertebrate animals or cause nonspecific febrile illness with a short recovery waiting period. Some of these pathogens circulate into complex cryptic cycles involving several animal species as reservoir or amplifying hosts. Detection of cases in vertebrate hosts can be complemented by entomological surveillance, but this method is not adapted to low infection rates in mosquito populations that typically occur in low or nonendemic areas.

Prevalence of malaria among febrile patients and assessment of efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine for uncomplicated malaria in Dolisie, Republic of the Congo.

Background: In the Republic of the Congo, malaria represents a major public health problem affecting all age groups. A regular surveillance of the current efficacy of first-line anti-malarial drugs is required in the face of possible emergence and spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains in Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria among febrile patients of all ages and assess the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) in Congolese children.

Emergence of dengue virus serotype 2 in Mauritania and molecular characterization of its circulation in West Africa.

The number of sporadic and epidemic dengue fever cases have reportedly been increasing in recent years in some West African countries, such as Senegal and Mali. The first epidemic of laboratory-confirmed dengue occurred in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania situated in the Saharan desert, in 2014. On-site diagnosis of dengue fever was established using a rapid diagnostic test for dengue.

Molecular Epidemiology of G6PD Genotypes in Different Ethnic Groups Residing in Saharan and Sahelian Zones of Mauritania.

malaria is endemic in Mauritania. Individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency may develop acute hemolytic anemia when exposed to 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs, which are indispensable for a complete cure. The prevalence of allelic variants was assessed in different ethno-linguistic groups present in Mauritania.

Assessment of CareStart G6PD rapid diagnostic test and CareStart G6PD biosensor in Mauritania.

Background: The elimination of Plasmodium vivax malaria requires 8-aminoquinolines, which are contraindicated in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency due to the risk of acute haemolytic anaemia. Several point-of-care devices have been developed to detect G6PD deficiency. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of two of these devices against G6PD genotypes in Mauritania.

Role of Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes in Malaria Outbreak, Djibouti, 2019.

Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes share urban breeding sites with Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the Republic of Djibouti. We present evidence that A. stephensi mosquitoes might be responsible for an increase in malaria incidence in this country.

Ecology, evolution, and epidemiology of zoonotic and vector-borne infectious diseases in French Guiana: Transdisciplinarity does matter to tackle new emerging threats.

French Guiana is a European ultraperipheric region located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It constitutes an important forested region for biological conservation in the Neotropics. Although very sparsely populated, with its inhabitants mainly concentrated on the Atlantic coastal strip and along the two main rivers, it is marked by the presence and development of old and new epidemic disease outbreaks, both research and health priorities.

Modeling intra-mosquito dynamics of Zika virus and its dose-dependence confirms the low epidemic potential of Aedes albopictus.

Originating from African forests, Zika virus (ZIKV) has now emerged worldwide in urbanized areas, mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Although Aedes albopictus can transmit ZIKV experimentally and was suspected to be a ZIKV vector in Central Africa, the potential of this species to sustain virus transmission was yet to be uncovered until the end of 2019, when several autochthonous transmissions of the virus vectored by Ae. albopictus occurred in France.

Identification of French Guiana anopheline mosquitoes by MALDI-TOF MS profiling using protein signatures from two body parts.

In French Guiana, the malaria, a parasitic infection transmitted by Anopheline mosquitoes, remains a disease of public health importance. To prevent malaria transmission, the main effective way remains Anopheles control. For an effective control, accurate Anopheles species identification is indispensable to distinguish malaria vectors from non-vectors.