Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of multidrug-resistant protein - encoding genes in isolated from buffaloes in Ngawi district, Indonesia.

Background And Aim: Excessive use of trypanocidal drugs can lead to cases of drug resistance. Multiple cases of resistance have been widely reported for drugs such as isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate. These cases deserve serious attention, especially in Indonesia, where the first case was recorded and where the molecular basis of trypanocidal drug resistance has never been evaluated.