Unanswered prayers: religiosity and the god-serving bias.

Two self-report experiments examined how religiosity affects attributions made for a target person's death. Online adults (Study 1, N = 427) and undergraduate students (Study 2, N = 326) read about Chris who had a heart attack, used religious or health behaviors, and lived or died. Participants made attributions to Chris and God (both studies), and reported their emotions (Study 2).

Formalin pain is expressed in decerebrate rats but not attenuated by morphine.

Subcutaneous injection of dilute formalin induces pain in humans and behaviors indicative of pain in animals. The formalin test, which is based on these observations, is now widely used as a model of pain produced by tissue injury, but the neural mechanisms of pain and analgesia in this test have not been identified. Rats with transections of the brain rostral or caudal to the pons show behavioral reactions to formalin similar to those of normal rats, although the temporary abatement of pain 10-15 min after formalin is absent in transected animals.