Ecotoxicological effects of leachate from e-cigarettes and e-liquid on the performance of perennial ryegrass (Loliumperenne).

Once littered, disposable e-cigarettes present a complex type of waste in the environment. They typically contain a lithium battery, electronics to produce vapour and remnant e-liquid, all of which could leach into the environment. The effects of littered e-cigarettes are not well understood, and they have not been tested in terrestrial ecosystems.

Physical and chemical effects of conventional microplastic glitter versus alternative glitter particles on a freshwater plant (Lemnaceae: Lemna minor).

Glitters are primary microplastics which are directly littered into the environment, yet the ecological effects have seldom been tested. When microplastics enter the environment, their physical presence and chemical leachate may alter the physiology of primary producers. Glitter can be composed of plastic or natural and/or biodegradable materials, often with additives.

Disposable e-cigarettes and cigarette butts alter the physiology of an aquatic plant Lemna minor (Lemnaceae).

Cigarette butts are one of the most littered single-use plastic items worldwide and can have ecotoxicological effects. e-Cigarettes (or 'vapes') have gained popularity globally as an alternative to tobacco-based cigarettes in recent years. The increased availability of disposable e-cigarettes has resulted in a rise in their littering, presenting a complex form of e-waste in the environment, yet the environmental impacts of littered e-cigarettes are largely unknown.