Mother-Infant Bed-sharing Is Associated with Increased Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review.

To review current knowledge of the association between bed-sharing and breastfeeding behaviors during infancy. A systematic review methodology was employed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses method and utilizing the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies for quality assessment. Inclusion criteria were quantitative or mixed-methods studies published between 1993 and 2022 that provided data on the association between bed-sharing and breastfeeding for postpartum mothers of infants 0-12 months.

Breastfeeding in US working mothers: A systematic review.

Background: Previous studies demonstrate that exclusive breastfeeding has positive long-term health effects on the mother and infant, but research has shown that nearly 50% of mothers do not breastfeed for the recommended amount of time.

Objective: This article systematizes previous quantitative research on the impact of work on breastfeeding practices to identify the factors that correlate to the cessation of breastfeeding in working mothers.

Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statements, we performed a systematic review that screened PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Complete databases for articles relating to maternal employment and breastfeeding.

Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Topical Capsaicin for Delayed Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting.

Purpose: We examined the efficacy of topical capsaicin in reducing delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).

Methods: Adults on highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimens applied 2 g of capsaicin ointment (0.075%) or matching placebo four times a day to the abdomen for 5 days in addition to standard antiemetic regimen in this blinded randomized controlled trial.

Prescription-based cost analysis of medicines for cardiovascular risk factors at Indian Council of Medical Research-Rational Use of Medicine Centre Hospitals of India.

Objectives: India has taken several initiatives to provide health care to its population while keeping the related expenditure minimum. Since cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent chronic conditions, in the present study, we aimed to analyze the difference in prices of medicines prescribed for three cardiovascular risk factors, based on (a) listed and not listed in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) and (b) generic and branded drugs.

Materials And Methods: Outpatient prescriptions for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were retrospectively analyzed from 12 tertiary centers.

Evaluation of prescriptions from tertiary care hospitals across India for deviations from treatment guidelines & their potential consequences.

Background Objectives: Irrational prescribing practices have major consequences on patient safety and also increase the economic burden. Real-life examples of impact of irrational prescription have potential to improve prescribing practices. In this context, the present study aimed to capture and evaluate the prevalence of deviations from treatment guidelines in the prescriptions, potential consequence/s of the deviations and corrective actions recommended by clinicians.

Assessment of prescribing pattern of drugs and completeness of prescriptions as per the World Health Organization prescribing indicators in various Indian tertiary care centers: A multicentric study by Rational Use of Medicines Centers-Indian Council of Medical Research network under National Virtual Centre Clinical Pharmacology activity.

Objective: The rational use of medicines as per the World Health Organization (WHO) should be practiced globally. However, data regarding the completeness of the prescriptions and their rational use is lacking from developing countries like India. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the prescribing patterns of drugs and completeness of prescriptions as per WHO core drug use and complementary indicators to provide real-life examples for the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) online prescribing skill course for medical graduates.

The ChAdOx1 vectored vaccine, AZD2816, induces strong immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 beta (B.1.351) and other variants of concern in preclinical studies.

Background: There is an ongoing global effort to design, manufacture, and clinically assess vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Over the course of the ongoing pandemic a number of new SARS-CoV-2 virus isolates or variants of concern (VoC) have been identified containing mutations in key proteins.

Methods: In this study we describe the generation and preclinical assessment of a ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine (AZD2816) which expresses the spike protein of the Beta VoC (B.

Structural Insights into the Mechanism of Base Excision by MBD4.

DNA glycosylases remove damaged or modified nucleobases by cleaving the N-glycosyl bond and the correct nucleotide is restored through subsequent base excision repair. In addition to excising threatening lesions, DNA glycosylases contribute to epigenetic regulation by mediating DNA demethylation and perform other important functions. However, the catalytic mechanism remains poorly defined for many glycosylases, including MBD4 (methyl-CpG binding domain IV), a member of the helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) superfamily.

Severity of heterosubtypic influenza virus infection in ferrets is reduced by live attenuated influenza vaccine.

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is widely used to protect humans from seasonal influenza infection, particularly in children. In contrast to inactivated vaccines, the LAIV can induce both mucosal and cellular immune responses. Here we show that a single dose of monovalent H1N1pdm09-specific LAIV in the ferret model is fully protective against a subsequent wild-type H1N1pdm09 challenge, and furthermore reduces the severity of disease following challenge with a different influenza A subtype (H3N2).

Defining the root cause of reduced H1N1 live attenuated influenza vaccine effectiveness: low viral fitness leads to inter-strain competition.

In the 2013-14 and 2015-16 influenza seasons, reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) was observed for the H1N1 component of the FluMist quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (QLAIV) in the USA, leading to loss of Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendation. Here we demonstrate in ferrets that 2015-16A/H1N1pdm09 vaccine strain A/Bolivia/559/2013 (A/BOL13) is outcompeted in trivalent (TLAIV) and QLAIV formulations, leading to reduced protection from wild-type challenge. While monovalent (MLAIV) A/BOL13 provided significant protection from wild-type virus shedding and fever at doses as low as 3.

Genetic and structural basis for recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by a two-antibody cocktail.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to an urgent need to understand the molecular basis for immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein antigenic sites. To define the genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, we determined the structures of two human monoclonal antibodies COV2-2196 and COV2-21301, which form the basis of the investigational antibody cocktail AZD7442, in complex with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. COV2-2196 forms an 'aromatic cage' at the heavy/light chain interface using germline-encoded residues in complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 2 and 3 of the heavy chain and CDRs 1 and 3 of the light chain.

Assessment of the benefits of seasonal influenza vaccination: Elements of a framework to interpret estimates of vaccine effectiveness and support robust decision-making and communication.

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses confirm that influenza vaccination reduces the risk of influenza illness by between about 40% and 60% in seasons when circulating influenza stains are well matched to vaccine strains. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) estimates, however, are often discordant and a source of confusion for decision makers. IVE assessments are increasingly publicized and are often used by policy makers to make decisions about the value of seasonal influenza vaccination.

Impact of a Discussion Series on Race on Medical Student Perceptions of Bias in Health Care.

Background And Objectives: Racial bias in health care is increasingly recognized as a factor in health inequities, yet there is limited research regarding medical school education around race and racism and its impact on medical students. The purpose of this study was to understand attitudes of medical students on race and racism in health care and to study the impact of participation in a voluntary structured program on race and racism.

Methods: First-year medical students had the opportunity to participate in a series of discussions (10 hours total) on race and racism.

Replication of live attenuated influenza vaccine viruses in human nasal epithelial cells is associated with H1N1 vaccine effectiveness.

In the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 influenza seasons, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) generated reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) against circulating H1N1 strains. This reduced VE coincided with the introduction of pandemic 2009 H1N1 (A/H1N1pdm09) vaccine virus reassortants, in place of pre-2009 seasonal H1N1 strains. Here, we explored one specific hypothesis for reduced VE; decreased replicative fitness of A/H1N1pdm09 strains in humans.

Development of hepatic pathology in GBV-B-infected red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus).

GB virus B (GBV-B) is a new world monkey-associated flavivirus used to model acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Critical for evaluation of antiviral or vaccine approaches is an understanding of the effect of HCV on the liver at different stages of infection. In the absence of longitudinal human tissue samples at defined time points, we have characterized changes in tamarins.

Epigenetic gestational age and trajectories of weight and height during childhood: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Differences between an individual's estimated epigenetic gestational age (EGA) and their actual gestational age (GA) are defined as gestational age acceleration (GAA). GAA is associated with increased birthweight and birth length. Whether these associations persist through childhood is yet to be investigated.

Haemagglutinin stability was not the primary cause of the reduced effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine against A/H1N1pdm09 viruses in the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 seasons.

During the 2013-2014 influenza season, the quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (QLAIV), had lower than expected vaccine effectiveness (VE) against circulating A/H1N1pdm09 viruses in the USA. The underlying reason proposed for this was that the A/H1N1pdm09 vaccine strain, A/California/07/2009 (A/CA09), had a thermally unstable haemagglutinin (HA) protein. Consequently, a new A/H1N1pdm09 candidate strain, A/Bolivia/559/2013 (A/BOL13), was developed for inclusion in the 2015-2016 QLAIV.

Intercycle Unplanned Hospital Admissions Due to Cisplatin-based Chemotherapy Regimen-induced Adverse Reactions: A Retrospective Analysis.

Background: Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapy agent known to induce serious adverse reactions that may require hospital readmission. We aimed to analyze the extent and factors associated with unplanned hospital admissions due to cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimen-induced adverse reactions.

Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of those patients who received at least one cycle of chemotherapy with cisplatin-based regimen during a six-month period from March to August 2017.