Sonographic Diagnosis of Velamentous and Marginal Placental Cord Insertion.

Routine second trimester ultrasound (US) examinations include an assessment of the umbilical cord given its vital role as a vascular conduit between the maternal placenta and fetus during fetal development. Placental cord insertion abnormalities can be identified during prenatal US screening and are increasingly recognized as independent risk factors for various complications during pregnancy and delivery. The purpose of this pictorial review is to illustrate examples of velamentous and marginal placental cord insertion with an emphasis on how to differentiate their morphology using color Doppler US.

Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: imaging features, current treatment options, and clinical outcomes.

Purpose: Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) is considered to be quite rare, but the frequency is increasing given the increasing number of cesarean sections being performed, along with increased detection due to widespread use of early endovaginal sonography. The normal sonographic and magnetic resonance findings of this phenomenon will be discussed, including the appearance of complications associated with abnormal placentation, such as the placenta accreta spectrum. Cases of CSEP at our institution will be illustrated, along with clinical presentations and treatment outcomes.

Cesarean scar pregnancy: sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings, complications, and treatment.

A cesarean scar (ectopic) pregnancy occurs when a pregnancy implants on a cesarean scar. This condition is an uncommon but potentially devastating occurrence. The incidence is increasing as cesarean deliveries become more common.