Image-Guided Nephrostomy Interventions: How to Recognize, Avoid, or Get Out of Trouble.

Image-guided percutaneous nephrostomy is a relatively safe and successful procedure for access to the renal collecting system for multiple purposes including relief of urinary obstruction, urinary diversion, access for endourologic procedures, and diagnostic testing. Although placing a percutaneous nephrostomy catheter is most times straightforward, providing immediate benefit for the patient and satisfaction for the practitioner, there can be situations that make the procedure more difficult or risky. A thorough review of the patient's imaging and medical record will help to set a path for success.

Image-Guided Biliary Interventions: How to Recognize, Avoid, or Get Out of Trouble.

Percutaneous biliary interventions have a well-established role in the management of hepatobiliary diseases. Good outcomes include recognizing and avoiding complications. This section will cover the "standard" technique of percutaneous biliary drainage, pearls to decrease the risk of problems, and approaches to treat those complications in patients undergoing percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.

Neural circuitry of masked emotional face processing in youth with bipolar disorder, severe mood dysregulation, and healthy volunteers.

Youth with bipolar disorder (BD) and those with severe, non-episodic irritability (severe mood dysregulation, SMD) show face-emotion labeling deficits. These groups differ from healthy volunteers (HV) in neural responses to emotional faces. It is unknown whether awareness is required to elicit these differences.

Elevated amygdala responses to emotional faces in youths with chronic irritability or bipolar disorder.

A major controversy in child psychiatry is whether bipolar disorder (BD) presents in children as severe, non-episodic irritability (operationalized here as severe mood dysregulation, SMD), rather than with manic episodes as in adults. Both classic, episodic BD and SMD are severe mood disorders characterized by deficits in processing emotional stimuli. Neuroimaging techniques can be used to test whether the pathophysiology mediating these deficits are similar across the two phenotypes.

Neural mechanisms of frustration in chronically irritable children.

Objective: Irritability is common in children and adolescents and is the cardinal symptom of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, a new DSM-5 disorder, yet its neural correlates remain largely unexplored. The authors conducted a functional MRI study to examine neural responses to frustration in children with severe mood dysregulation.

Method: The authors compared emotional responses, behavior, and neural activity between 19 severely irritable children (operationalized using criteria for severe mood dysregulation) and 23 healthy comparison children during a cued-attention task completed under nonfrustrating and frustrating conditions.

Abnormal fusiform activation during emotional-face encoding assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

This functional magnetic resonance imaging study shows that children and adults with bipolar disorder (BD), compared with healthy subjects, exhibit impaired memory for emotional faces and abnormal fusiform activation during encoding. Fusiform activation abnormalities in BD were correlated with mania severity and may therefore represent a trait and state BD biomarker.

Parametric modulation of neural activity by emotion in youth with bipolar disorder, youth with severe mood dysregulation, and healthy volunteers.

CONTEXT Youth with bipolar disorder (BD) and those with severe, nonepisodic irritability (severe mood dysregulation [SMD]) exhibit amygdala dysfunction during facial emotion processing. However, studies have not compared such patients with each other and with comparison individuals in neural responsiveness to subtle changes in facial emotion; the ability to process such changes is important for social cognition. To evaluate this, we used a novel, parametrically designed faces paradigm.