Xenopus embryos are covered with a complex epithelium containing numerous multiciliated cells (MCCs). During late-stage development, there is a dramatic remodeling of the epithelium that involves the complete loss of MCCs. Cell extrusion is a well-characterized process for driving cell loss while maintaining epithelial barrier function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStereocilia are actin-based projections of hair cells that are arranged in a step like array, in rows of increasing height, and that constitute the mechanosensory organelle used for the senses of hearing and balance. In order to function properly, stereocilia must attain precise sizes in different hair cell types and must coordinately form distinct rows with varying lengths. Espins are actin-bundling proteins that have a well-characterized role in stereocilia formation; loss of function mutations in Espin result in shorter stereocilia and deafness in the jerker mouse.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFScribble, a member of the LAP protein family, contributes to the apicobasal polarity (ABP) of epithelial cells. The LAP-unique region of these proteins, which is essential and sufficient for ABP, includes a conserved Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) domain. The major binding partners of this region that could regulate ABP remain unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPost-translational modification of tubulin provides differential functions to microtubule networks. Here, we address the role of tubulin acetylation on the penetrative capacity of cells undergoing radial intercalation, which is the process by which cells move apically, insert between outer cells, and join an epithelium. There are opposing forces that regulate intercalation, namely, the restrictive forces of the epithelial barrier versus the penetrative forces of the intercalating cell.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHow cells count and regulate organelle number is a fundamental question in cell biology. For example, most cells restrict centrioles to two in number and assemble one cilium; however, multiciliated cells (MCCs) synthesize hundreds of centrioles to assemble multiple cilia. Aberration in centriole/cilia number impairs MCC function and can lead to pathological outcomes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: To understand the relationship between ciliogenesis and autophagy in the corneal epithelium.
Methods: siRNAs for EphA2 or PLD1 were used to inhibit protein expression in vitro. Morpholino-anti-EphA2 was used to knockdown EphA2 in Xenopus skin.
The epidermis of the Xenopus embryo has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the development of a ciliated epithelium. Interspersed throughout the epithelium are multiciliated cells (MCCs) with 100+ motile cilia that beat in a coordinated manner to generate fluid flow over the surface of the cell. MCCs are essential for various developmental processes and, furthermore, ciliary dysfunction is associated with numerous pathologies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a rare malignancy of the head and neck; however, it accounts for a majority of the tumors of the salivary glands. This study used a national population-based registry to describe the pre-treatment and treatment-related prognostic factors that influence survival in patients with MEC of the major salivary glands. To our knowledge, this is the largest population-based study examining predictors of both overall and cause-specific survival of MEC of the major salivary glands.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: We analyzed a population-based national registry to identify the most influential patient pretreatment and treatment factors affecting overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) in patients diagnosed with acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) of the major salivary glands.
Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) related to survival, a total of 1,254 patients with diagnosed ACC of the major salivary glands from 1975 to 2016 met inclusion criteria. Factors significant for OS and CSS were determined using univariate and multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazards model.
Synchronized beating of cilia on multiciliated cells (MCCs) generates a directional flow of mucus across epithelia. This motility requires a "9 + 2" microtubule (MT) configuration in axonemes and the unidirectional array of basal bodies of cilia on the MCCs. However, it is not fully understood what components are needed for central MT-pair assembly as they are not continuous with basal bodies in contrast to the nine outer MT doublets.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWoolly mammoths were among the most abundant cold-adapted species during the Pleistocene. Their once-large populations went extinct in two waves, an end-Pleistocene extinction of continental populations followed by the mid-Holocene extinction of relict populations on St. Paul Island ∼5,600 years ago and Wrangel Island ∼4,000 years ago.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMulticiliated cells (MCCs) amplify large numbers of centrioles that convert into basal bodies, which are required for producing multiple motile cilia. Most centrioles amplified by MCCs grow on the surface of organelles called deuterosomes, whereas a smaller number grow through the centriolar pathway in association with the two parent centrioles. Here, we show that MCCs lacking deuterosomes amplify the correct number of centrioles with normal step-wise kinetics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe basolateral protein Scribble (Scrib), a member of the LAP protein family, is essential for epithelial apicobasal polarity (ABP) in However, a conserved function for this protein in mammals is unclear. Here we show that the crucial role for Scrib in ABP has remained obscure due to the compensatory function of two other LAP proteins, Erbin and Lano. A combined Scrib/Erbin/Lano knockout disorganizes the cell-cell junctions and the cytoskeleton.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disorder in which impaired ciliary function leads to chronic airway disease. Exome sequencing of a PCD subject identified an apparent homozygous frameshift variant, c.887_890delTAAG (p.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMost epithelial cells polarize along the axis of the tissue, a feature known as planar cell polarity (PCP). The initiation of PCP requires cell-cell signaling via the noncanonical Wnt/PCP pathway. Additionally, changes in the cytoskeleton both facilitate and reflect this polarity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: Progenitor cells of the limbal epithelium reside in a discrete area peripheral to the more differentiated corneal epithelium and maintain tissue homeostasis. What regulates the limbal-corneal epithelial boundary is a major unanswered question. Ephrin-A1 ligand is enriched in the limbal epithelium, whereas EphA2 receptor is concentrated in the corneal epithelium.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCentrioles acquire subdistal appendages (sDAPs) during primary cilium formation. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Mazo et al. (2016) demonstrate that sDAPs keep cilia submerged within deep membrane invaginations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe balance between proliferation and differentiation is a fundamental aspect of multicellular life. Perhaps nowhere is this delicate balance more palpable than in the multiciliated cells (MCCs) that line the respiratory tract, the ependyma, and the oviduct. These cells contain dozens to hundreds of motile cilia that beat in a concerted fashion to generate directed fluid flow over the tissue surface.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCilia are microtubule-based projections that function in the movement of extracellular fluid. This requires cilia to be: (1) motile and driven by dynein complexes and (2) correctly polarized on the surface of cells, which requires planar cell polarity (PCP). Few factors that regulate both processes have been discovered.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFXenopus has been one of the earliest and most important vertebrate model organisms for investigating the role and structure of basal bodies. Early transmission electron microscopy studies in Xenopus revealed the fine structures of Xenopus basal bodies and their accessory structures. Subsequent investigations using multiciliated cells in the Xenopus epidermis have further revealed many important features regarding the transcriptional regulation of basal body amplification as well as the regulation of basal body/cilia polarity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe establishment of left-right (L-R) asymmetry in vertebrates is dependent on the sensory and motile functions of cilia during embryogenesis. Mutations in CCDC11 disrupt L-R asymmetry and cause congenital heart disease in humans, yet the molecular and cellular functions of the protein remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that Ccdc11 is a novel component of centriolar satellites-cytoplasmic granules that serve as recruitment sites for proteins destined for the centrosome and cilium.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe use of Xenopus embryonic skin as a model system for the development of ciliated epithelia is well established. This tissue is comprised of numerous cell types, most notably the multiciliated cells (MCCs) that each contain approximately 150 motile cilia. At the base of each cilium lies the centriole-based structure called the basal body.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCentrioles are ancient organelles that build centrosomes, the major microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells. Extra centrosomes are a common feature of cancer cells. To investigate the importance of centrosomes in the proliferation of normal and cancer cells, we developed centrinone, a reversible inhibitor of Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4), a serine-threonine protein kinase that initiates centriole assembly.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe directed movement of cells is critical for numerous developmental and disease processes. A developmentally reiterated form of migration is radial intercalation; the process by which cells move in a direction orthogonal to the plane of the tissue from an inner layer to an outer layer. We use the radial intercalation of cells into the skin of Xenopus laevis embryos as a model to study directed cell migration within an epithelial tissue.
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