The evolution of teaching chiropractic manual skills: part 2 - a narrative review and discussion of the impact of research evidence authored by faculty of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College.

The objectives of this article, Part 2 of a two part series, are twofold: (i) To provide a narrative review of the research evidence authored by faculty of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC) and; (ii) discussion of the impact this research evidence had on teaching chiropractic manual skills at CMCC and - theoretically - to the broader chiropractic educational community. Research evidence discussed are in the areas of: Experimental studies linked to biomechanics; Measuring Force - Integration of Force Sensing Table Technology (FSTT®) into technique labs; Characteristics of injuries sustained by chiropractic students during technique labs; Finding the clinical target for therapeutic intervention and; Recommendations toward a model technique curriculum. The intent of this article is for faculty at current and future accredited educational programs to incorporate this research evidence into their technique curricula and to potentially strengthen the pedagogical approach used to teach chiropractic manual skills.

The evolution of teaching chiropractic skills: part 1 - a narrative review of lessons learned during the 120 collective years of four tutors in the technique trenches at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College.

"The only constant is change" - Heraclitus, Greek Philosopher The objective of this article, Part 1 of a two part series, is to provide a narrative review of the evolution of teaching chiropractic manual skills by four tutors who taught in the technique trenches at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College collectively for 120 years. Based on their collective memories, this narrative review describes the evolution of: central demonstrations; inconsistency between tutors with respect to demonstrating and grading chiropractic manual skills; determining course content; policy on students providing high velocity, low amplitude thrusts on each other during class time and testing; quantitative versus qualitative grading; remediation; acknowledgment of risk and; changes to technique class due to Covid. The results of a unique survey evaluating students' perception of these changes is presented.

A comparative audit of jurisprudence, ethics and business management (JEB) courses taught at 21 accredited chiropractic programs worldwide.

Introduction: The objectives of this study was to conduct an updated comparative audit involving a larger and more representative group of accredited chiropractic programs in order to determine if (i) if there has been any changes in the delivery of JEB curricula since the first audit was conducted in 2010, and (ii) provide recommendations that could lead toward a standardized or model JEB curriculum worldwide.

Methods: This study was approved by the ERB of the University of South Wales. Twenty-one chiropractic programs agreed to provide JEB course outlines for review.

Survey of students' perception of the jurisprudence, ethics and business management course at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to survey 2018-2019 Year III students at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College in order explore their perceptions of the components of the revised Jurisprudence, Ethics and Business Management course.

Methods: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board. A paper survey was distributed to all enrolled students.

Developing a standardized curriculum for teaching chiropractic technique.

Objective: This is a report of the results of 4 facilitated workshops aimed at developing a standardized chiropractic technique curriculum.

Methods: Workshops were held at research conferences during 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2019. Participants were tasked with developing recommendations for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures appropriate for chiropractic technique programs.

Comparison of chiropractic student lexicon at two educational institutions: a cross-sectional survey.

Objective: To evaluate student perceptions of chiropractic cultural authority, role in healthcare and use of terms at two chiropractic institutions, the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC) and Parker University (Parker).

Methods: A unique survey was developed and administered electronically to Year 2-3 students (n=387) at CMCC and as a paper-based surveys to trimester 4-5 (comparison with Year 2) and 6-7 (comparison with Year 3) (n=277) students at Parker. Responses were anonymous.

Anterior cruciate ligament laxity related to the menstrual cycle: an updated systematic review of the literature.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review regarding the purported differences in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) laxity throughout the course of the menstrual cycle.

Methods: A systematic review was performed by searching electronic databases, along with hand-searching of journals and reference tracking for any study that assessed ACL integrity throughout the menstrual cycle from 1998 until 2011. Studies that met the pre-defined inclusion criteria were evaluated using the Modified Sackett Score (MSS) instrument that assessed their methodological quality.

Ultrasound as a treatment of mammary blocked duct among 25 postpartum lactating women: a retrospective case series.

Objective: The purpose of this case series is to report the outcomes of 25 postpartum women who were experiencing difficulties with breastfeeding and were treated using therapeutic ultrasound.

Methods: Case files of postpartum women who presented to a chiropractic clinic between 2005 and 2011 with difficulties with breastfeeding due to blocked ducts were identified.

Results: Twenty-five cases were retrospectively identified of women who presented with a breast lump that was consistent with a blocked duct.

The use of spinal manipulative therapy for pediatric health conditions: a systematic review of the literature.

Introduction: This study had two purposes. These were: (i) to conduct a search of the literature between 2007 and 2011 investigating the use of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) for pediatric health conditions and (ii) to perform a systematic review of eligible retrieved clinical trials.

Methods: The Index of Chiropractic Literature and PubMed were electronically searched using appropriate search words and MeSH terms, respectively, as well as reference tracking of previous reviews.

Clinical effectiveness of the activator adjusting instrument in the management of musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of the literature.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature investigating clinical outcomes involving the use of the Activator Adjusting Instrument (AAI) or Activator Methods Chiropractic Technique (AMCT).

Methods: A literature synthesis was performed on the available research and electronic databases, along with hand-searching of journals and reference tracking for any studies that investigated the AAI in terms of clinical effectiveness. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated using an instrument that assessed their methodological quality.

Attitudes of clinicians at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College towards the chiropractic management of non-musculoskeletal conditions.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the attitudes of clinical faculty during the 2009-2010 academic year at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College towards the treatment of various non-musculoskeletal disorders.

Methods: A confidential survey was distributed to the clinical faculty via email. It consisted of several questions polling the demographic of the respondent such as years in clinical practice, and a list of 29 non-musculoskeletal conditions.

A narrative review of the published chiropractic literature regarding older patients from 2001-2010.

Introduction: The purpose of this article was to perform a narrative review of the chiropractic literature regarding older patients between 2001 and 2010.

Methods: A three step search strategy of the literature involved electronic searching, hand searching and reference tracking.

Results: One hundred and eighty eight articles germane to chiropractic geriatric practice and education were retrieved.

Best practices recommendations for chiropractic care for older adults: results of a consensus process.

Objective: At this time, the scientific evidence base supporting the effectiveness of chiropractic care for musculoskeletal conditions has not yet definitively addressed its appropriateness for older adults. Expert consensus, as a form of evidence, must be considered when higher levels of evidence are lacking. The purpose of this project was to develop a document with evidence-based recommendations on the best practices for chiropractic care of older adults.

Degree of vertical integration between the undergraduate program and clinical internship with respect to lumbopelvic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures taught at the canadian memorial chiropractic college.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine to what extent the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures taught in the undergraduate program used for patients with lumbopelvic conditions are expected to be utilized by students during their clinical internship program at Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College or are being used by the clinical faculty.

Methods: A confidential survey was distributed to clinical faculty at the college. It consisted of a list of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures used for lumbopelvic conditions taught at that college.

Restructuring of the jurisprudence course taught at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College.

Introduction: The process by which the jurisprudence course was restructured at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College is chronicled.

Method: A Delphi process used to restructure the course is described, and the results of a student satisfaction survey are presented.

Results: When asked "I think this material was clinically relevant," over 81% of the 76 students who respondents strongly agreed or agreed with this statement; 100% of students agreed or strongly agreed that scope of practice; marketing, advertising and internal office promotion; record keeping; fee schedules; malpractice issues and; professional malpractice issues and negligence was clinically relevant.

Jurisprudence and business management course content taught at accredited chiropractic colleges: A comparative audit.

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative audit of the jurisprudence and business management courses offered at a number of different accredited chiropractic colleges.

Methods: Faculty members responsible for teaching students jurisprudence and/or business management courses at a number of accredited colleges were contacted and asked to electronically submit their course outlines for review.

Results: Of the 62 different topics delivered at the 11 chiropractic colleges surveyed, not one topic was taught at all of them.

Chiropractic care for patients with asthma: A systematic review of the literature.

Objective: To provide a review of the literature and rate the quality of published studies regarding chiropractic care, including spinal manipulation, for asthmatic patients.

Methods: A multimodal search strategy was conducted, including multiple database searches, along with reference and journal hand-searching. Studies were limited to those published in English and in peer-reviewed journals or conference proceedings between January 1980 and March 2009.

Technique Systems used by post-1980 graduates of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College practicing in five Canadian provinces: a preliminary survey.

The purpose of this study was to survey 200 randomly selected post-1980 graduates of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College practicing in five Canadian provinces to determine which, if any, technique systems they sought out instruction in and/or are utilizing either primarily or secondarily for patient care. Using a systematic sampling approach, 83 eligible data sets were received. Respondents reported to have sought out instruction in a total of 187 technique systems other than Diversified technique.

Characterization of side effects sustained by chiropractic students during their undergraduate training in technique class at a chiropractic college: a preliminary retrospective study.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to characterize the type, nature and frequency of injuries sustained by chiropractic students during their undergraduate training.

Methods: Chiropractic students in their second, third and fourth year of study at a chiropractic college were asked to complete a questionnaire that chronicled and described the occurrence of any side effects they may have sustained at the hands of their peers during technique class. Students were also asked to record their anthropomorphic characteristic.