Osteocytic oxygen sensing: Distinct impacts of VHL and HIF-2alpha on bone integrity.

Skeletal fracture resistance emerges from multiple components of bone structure like microarchitecture, matrix mineralization, and organization. These characteristics are engendered via mechanisms like the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) pathway, involving two paralogs, HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Under normoxia, HIF-α is targeted for degradation via von-Hippel Lindau (VHL); hypoxia enables HIF-α stabilization and induction of target genes.

Eucalyptus Wood Smoke Extract Elicits a Dose-Dependent Effect in Brain Endothelial Cells.

The frequency, duration, and size of wildfires have been increasing, and the inhalation of wildfire smoke particles poses a significant risk to human health. Epidemiological studies have shown that wildfire smoke exposure is positively associated with cognitive and neurological dysfunctions. However, there is a significant gap in knowledge on how wildfire smoke exposure can affect the blood-brain barrier and cause molecular and cellular changes in the brain.

Novel and reported compensatory mutations in genes found in drug resistant tuberculosis outbreaks.

Background: Rifampicin (RIF) is a key first-line drug used to treat tuberculosis, a primarily pulmonary disease caused by . RIF resistance is caused by mutations in , at the cost of slower growth and reduced transcription efficiency. Antibiotic resistance to RIF is prevalent despite this fitness cost.