Opportunities and Challenges of Adolescent and Adult Vaccination Administration Within Pharmacies in the United States.

Pharmacies have been endorsed as alternative vaccine delivery sites to improve vaccination rates through increased access to services. Our objective was to identify challenges and facilitators to adolescent and adult vaccination provision in pharmacy settings in the United States. We recruited 40 licensed pharmacists in states with different pharmacy vaccination laws.

Pediatrician-Parent Conversations About Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: An Analysis of Audio Recordings.

Purpose: We sought to establish which human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine communication approaches by pediatricians were associated with same-day HPV vaccination of 11- to 12-year-olds by evaluating audio recordings of visits.

Methods: Verilogue, a market research company maintaining a panel of primary care pediatricians, provided audio recordings and transcriptions of well-child visits for 11- to 12-year-old patients from January through June 2013. Seventy-five transcripts from 19 pediatricians were coded for use of presumptive language (i.

Systematic Review of Measures Used in Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warning Experiments.

Background: We sought to describe characteristics and psychometric properties of measures used in pictorial cigarette pack warning experiments and provide recommendations for future studies.

Methods: Our systematic review identified 68 pictorial cigarette pack warning experiments conducted between 2000 and 2016 in 22 countries. Two independent coders coded all studies on study features, including sample characteristics, theoretical framework, and constructs assessed.

Social identity and support for counteracting tobacco company marketing that targets vulnerable populations.

Rationale: Tobacco companies use advertising to target vulnerable populations, including youth, racial/ethnic minorities, and sexual minorities.

Objective: We sought to examine how personal identity affects support for population-specific anti-smoking advertisements that could serve as countermeasures to industry marketing practices.

Methods: In 2014-2015, we surveyed probability phone samples of adults and adolescents (n = 6,139) and an online convenience sample of adults (n = 4,137) in the United States.

Measuring Theory of Mind in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Deficits in Theory of Mind (ToM)-the ability to interpret others' beliefs, intentions and emotions-undermine the ability of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to interact in socially normative ways. This study provides psychometric data for the Adult-Theory of Mind (A-ToM) measure using video-scenarios based in part on Happé's (Instructions for theory of mind story task, 1999) Strange Stories test. The final items discriminated IQ-matched adults with ASD from controls on the social but not the physical items.

How people think about the chemicals in cigarette smoke: a systematic review.

Laws and treaties compel countries to inform the public about harmful chemicals (constituents) in cigarette smoke. To encourage relevant research by behavioral scientists, we provide a primer on cigarette smoke toxicology and summarize research on how the public thinks about cigarette smoke chemicals. We systematically searched PubMed in July 2016 and reviewed citations from included articles.

Icons for health effects of cigarette smoke: a test of semiotic type.

We sought to identify icons to effectively communicate health harms of chemicals in cigarette smoke. Participants were a convenience sample of 701 U.S.

Mock-juror evaluations of traditional and ratings-based eyewitness identification evidence.

Compared to categorical identifications, culprit likelihood ratings (having the witness rate, for each lineup member, the likelihood that the individual is the culprit) provide a promising alternative for assessing a suspect's likely guilt. Four experiments addressed 2 broad questions about the use of culprit likelihood ratings evidence by mock-jurors. First, are mock-jurors receptive to noncategorical forms of identification evidence? Second, does the additional information provided by ratings (relating to discrimination) affect jurors' evaluations of the identification evidence? Experiments 1 and 1A manipulated confidence (90% vs.

Parents' willingness to get human papillomavirus vaccination for their adolescent children at a pharmacy.

Pharmacies are promising alternative settings for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination because of their accessibility and existing infrastructure for vaccine delivery. We sought to examine parents' willingness to get HPV vaccination for their children at pharmacies. In 2014, we conducted a national, online survey of 1255 parents of 11- to 17-year-old adolescents in the United States.

A brief measure of reactance to health warnings.

Reactance to persuasive messages involves perceived threat to freedom, anger, and counterarguing that may undermine the impact of health warnings. To understand reactance's effects, reliable and valid assessment is critical. We sought to develop and validate a brief Reactance to Health Warnings Scale (RHWS).

Development and Validation of a Genomic Knowledge Scale to Advance Informed Decision Making Research in Genomic Sequencing.

Background: This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a new, comprehensive measure of knowledge about genomic sequencing, the University of North Carolina Genomic Knowledge Scale (UNC-GKS).

Methods: The UNC-GKS assesses knowledge in four domains thought to be critical for informed decision making about genomic sequencing. The scale was validated using classical test theory and item response theory in 286 adult patients and 132 parents of pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic whole exome sequencing (WES) in the NCGENES study.

How hearing about harmful chemicals affects smokers' interest in dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes.

Substantial harm could result from concurrent cigarette and e-cigarette use (i.e., dual use) were it to undermine smoking cessation.

Recruiting Diverse Smokers: Enrollment Yields and Cost.

To help tobacco control research better include vulnerable populations, we sought to identify effective ways to recruit diverse smokers. In 2014-2015, we recruited 2149 adult cigarette smokers in California and North Carolina, United States, to participate in a randomized trial of pictorial cigarette pack warnings. The most effective means of recruiting smokers were the classified advertising website Craigslist (28% of participants), word of mouth (23%), Facebook (16%), and flyers or postcards (14%).

School Entry Requirements and Coverage of Nontargeted Adolescent Vaccines.

Background: Low human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage is an urgent public health problem requiring action. To identify policy remedies to suboptimal HPV vaccination, we assessed the relationship between states' school entry requirements and adolescent vaccination.

Methods: We gathered data on states' school entry requirements for adolescent vaccination (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis [Tdap] booster; meningococcal; and HPV) from 2007 to 2012 from Immunization Action Coalition.

Announcements Versus Conversations to Improve HPV Vaccination Coverage: A Randomized Trial.

Objective: Improving provider recommendations is critical to addressing low human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage. Thus, we sought to determine the effectiveness of training providers to improve their recommendations using either presumptive "announcements" or participatory "conversations."

Methods: In 2015, we conducted a parallel-group randomized clinical trial with 30 pediatric and family medicine clinics in central North Carolina.

Public understanding of cigarette smoke constituents: three US surveys.

Introduction: The Tobacco Control Act requires public disclosure of information about toxic constituents in cigarette smoke. To inform these efforts, we studied public understanding of cigarette smoke constituents.

Methods: We conducted phone surveys with national probability samples of adolescents (n=1125) and adults (n=5014) and an internet survey with a convenience sample of adults (n=4137), all in the USA.

Awareness of Cervical Cancer Causes and Predeterminants of Likelihood to Screen Among Women in Haiti.

Objectives: Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in Haiti. Given this high disease burden, we sought to better understand women's knowledge of its causes and the sociodemographic and health correlates of cervical cancer screening.

Materials And Methods: Participants were 410 adult women presenting at clinics in Léogâne and Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

Improving Physician Recommendations for Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: The Role of Professional Organizations.

Background: To address low human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage, the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) have launched national campaigns encouraging physicians to deliver strong HPV vaccine recommendations. We surveyed family physicians and pediatricians to examine the impact of these efforts on physicians' recommendation practices.

Methods: A national sample of family physicians and pediatricians (n = 776) completed our online survey in 2014.

How target-lure similarity shapes confidence judgments in multiple-alternative decision tasks.

Confidence judgments in 2-alternative decisions have been the subject of a great deal of research in cognitive psychology. Sequential sampling models have been particularly successful at explaining confidence judgments in such decisions and the relationships between confidence, accuracy, and response latencies. Across 5 experiments, we derived predictions from sequential sampling models and applied them to more complex decisions: multiple-alternative decisions, and compound decisions, such as eyewitness identification tasks, in which a target may be present or absent within the array of items that can be selected.

Trauma memory characteristics and the development of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in youth.

Background & Objectives: The present study addresses gaps in knowledge regarding the association between trauma memory processes and posttraumatic stress responses in youth. Our primary goal was to explore the relative contribution of perceptions of trauma memory quality versus narrative trauma memory characteristics to explain overall adjustment.

Methods: Children (N = 67) were interviewed within four weeks (T1) of an injury leading to hospital treatment and then again eight weeks later (T2).

Parents who refuse or delay HPV vaccine: Differences in vaccination behavior, beliefs, and clinical communication preferences.

Background: We sought to estimate the national prevalence of HPV vaccine refusal and delay in a nationally-representative sample of parents of adolescents. We also compared parents who refused versus delayed HPV vaccine in terms of their vaccination beliefs and clinical communication preferences.

Methods: In 2014 to 2015, we conducted an online survey of 1,484 US parents who reported on an 11- to 17-year-old child in their household.

Anticipated regret and health behavior: A meta-analysis.

Objective: Risk beliefs are central to most theories of health behavior, yet many unanswered questions remain about an increasingly studied risk construct, anticipated regret. The authors sought to better understand anticipated regret's role in motivating health behaviors.

Method: The authors systematically searched electronic databases for studies of anticipated regret and behavioral intentions or health behavior.

Society of behavioral medicine supports increasing HPV vaccination uptake: an urgent opportunity for cancer prevention.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage remains low in the USA. The Society for Behavioral Medicine (SBM) supports the goals outlined by Healthy People 2020, the President's Cancer Panel, and the National Vaccine Advisory Committee to increase vaccination coverage among both males and females. SBM makes the following recommendations in support of efforts to reduce structural and other barriers to HPV vaccination services in order to increase rates of series completion.

Messages to Motivate Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: National Studies of Parents and Physicians.

Background: Physician communication about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is a key determinant of uptake. To support physician communication, we sought to identify messages that would motivate HPV vaccination.

Methods: From 2014 to 2015, we surveyed national samples of parents of adolescents ages 11 to 17 (n = 1,504) and primary care physicians (n = 776).